41. Encyclopedia: History-of-mathematics mathematicians today rarely view the development of the complex numbers in this The Arabs (Arabic عرب ʻarab) are an originally arabian ethnicity http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/History_of_mathematics

Supporter Benefits Signup Login Sources ... Pies What's new? Our next offering Latest newsletter Student area Lesson plans Recent Updates List of Jewish actors and actresses List of Jewish Americans List of African Americans Lion Air Flight JT_386 ... More Recent Articles Top Graphs Richest Most Murderous Most Taxed Most Populous ... More Stats Encyclopedia: History-of-mathematics Updated 52 days 13 hours 16 minutes ago. Other descriptions of History-of-mathematics The word " mathematics " comes from the Greek m¡thema ) which means "science, knowledge, or learning"; μαθηματικός ( mathematik³s ) means "fond of learning". Today, the term refers to a specific body of knowledge - the rigorous, deductive study of numbers, shapes, patterns, and change. Mathematics is the study of quantity, structure, space and change. ... Every modern science depends on basic mathematics at the most fundamental level, including such operations as counting addition and subtraction Counting is the mathematical action of adding (or subtracting) one, usually to find out how many objects there are or to set aside a desired number of objects (starting with one for the first object and proceeding with a one-to-one correspondence); however, counting is also used (primarily by... Addition (or summation) is one of the basic operations of arithmetic. ...

42. Number Facts Archive One of the most famous mathematicians of the time was Muhammad iIbn Musa In some traditions such as Greek, Jewish and arabian the alphabets were used as http://www.blss.portsmouth.sch.uk/resources/nmfax_bk.shtml

Search: Google powered Search Web Search EMAS Home Bears Ahoy! Literacy Numeracy ... Publishers Number Facts Archive Number systems Base systems Origin of Zero Alphabetic numbers ... Tangrams Vedic squares Vedic squares - read/download a KS2/3 investigation - pdf. Vedic squares can be used to produce a variety of geometrical patterns that are generated by the selection of number sequences and angles. These number patterns are distinctly Islamic . The square is made by taking a multiplication table and reducing all the numbers to single digits. Muslim scholars and artists have used the different lines of the Vedic Square to create a design. By selecting a line of numbers, and using a fixed angle of rotation, various artistic and geometric designs could be produced. These designs are intrinsically related to Islamic tradition and the nature of Allah. There are many activities based on Vedic squares which can be used in the classroom. Extension activities can involve asking pupils to investigate Islamic patterns in clothing, tiling, woodwork and printing. Permission granted.

43. Salon.com Books | A Is For Arabs contributions Arab mathematicians have made to the Queen of Sciences. arabian and Islamic astronomers also constructed the first observatories, http://www.salon.com/books/feature/2002/01/08/alphabet/

Search About Salon Table Talk Advertise in Salon ... Search All of Salon.com Only Books Directory Hot Topics Book Reviews Garrison Keillor J.R.R. Tolkien Harry Potter ... Dave Eggers Articles by date All of Salon.com By department Books Comics ... Table Talk [Spirited Salon forums] What's the most recent book you've hated? The best resources for compulsive readers. Posts of the week The Well [Pioneering members-only discussions] Wondering about the golden age of groupies? Sound Off E-mail Salon Send us a Letter to the Editor Recent Letters Downloads Get Salon.com on your PDA A is for Arabs From algebra and coffee to guitars, optics and universities an alphabetical reminder of what the West owes to the People of the Crescent Moon. By George Rafael Even before Sept. 11 forced the West to face the cultural friction between it and the Arab/Islamic world, there was an unwarranted sense of superiority. The renowned Italian journalist and interviewer Oriana Fallaci wrote Arab culture off as a few interesting architectural flourishes and the Quran. Apparently, it's easy to forget that history is cyclical and the roles were once reversed. A millennium ago, while the West was shrouded in darkness, Islam enjoyed a golden age. Lighting in the streets of Cordoba when London was a barbarous pit; religious tolerance in Toledo while pogroms raged from York to Vienna. As custodians of our classical legacy, Arabs were midwives to our Renaissance. Their influence, however alien it might seem, has always been with us, whether it's a cup of steaming hot Joe or the algorithms in computer programs. A little magnanimity is called for.

44. Arab Civilization Islam originated in the arabian Peninsula— presentday Saudi Arabia—in 622 AD In conclusion, it is clear that Arab mathematicians, besides passing on to http://www.alhewar.org/ArabCivilization.htm

ARAB CIVILIZATION Introduction to the Arab World With seventy-two percent of its territory in Africa and twenty-eight percent in Asia, the Arab world straddles two continents, a position that has made it one of the world's most strategic regions. Long coastlines give it access to vital waterways: the Atlantic Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea, the Arabian Gulf, the Arabian Sea, the Gulf of Aden, the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean. While the region is dominated by dry climatic conditions, the existence of mountain ranges permits seasonal rainfall. The Atlas range in northwest Africa (Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia) forms a barrier between the Sahara Desert and the coastal areas. Other important mountain systems are the Lebanon and Anti-Lebanon ranges and the Zagros Mountains to the east of Iraq. Given the preponderance of arid conditions, reliable sources of water are immensely important; be they springs, from which oases are formed, or rivers. Foremost among the river valleys are the Nile and the Tigris-Euphrates. The concept of average population density has little meaning when applied to the Arab world. Since significant human settlement is found only where water supplies are adequate, the overwhelming majority of Arabs live in relatively high concentrations along coastal areas and major river valleys. The most striking example of this phenomenon is in Egypt where more than ninety percent of the population lives on less than five percent of the land.

45. AMSE. International : About Us and just one of many contributions Arab mathematicians have made to the Queenof Sciences. 786) traced the arabian to the pedigreed horses of Bax, http://www.amse.net/discoveries_A_isfor Arabs.html

Home About AMSE Muslim Scientists Speakers Bureau ... A is for Arabs From algebra and coffee to guitars, optics and universities an alphabetical reminder of what the West owes to the People of the Crescent Moon. By George Rafael A is for algebra UP B is for backgammon Sheshbesh is what it's called in Beirut and Cairo, whence the savviest players hail. Although this beautiful waste of time dates back to the pharaohs, the form we enjoy today came to us via Moorish Spain in the 10th century. Ghioul and moultezim are two other variants of "the game of kings," popular wherever the happy hookah is indulged. UP C is for cough medicine Necessity being the mother of invention, the Arabs were the first to distill water, for long journeys across areas (such as the Sahara) where supplies were uncertain. Their experiments with various chemical compounds also gave us ethanol alcohol, sulfuric acid, ammonia (have you ever noticed the uncanny resemblance between Mr. Clean and the genie in "Thief of Baghdad"?) and mercury. In applied chemistry they discovered better and more efficient ways for tanning leather and forging metals. Messing around with mortars and pestles produced camphor, pomades and syrups.

46. World Domination! - Topic Powered By Groupee Community I don t agree all the famous astronomers, mathematicians, architects, crusaders butts three times, whenever they tried to set foot on arabian soil! http://focusmag.infopop.cc/groupee/forums/a/tpc/f/8506071562/m/4911064531/r/8801

window.name="parentwindow"; Focus Website Forum Home Page Forum Home Page World Domination! Page Moderators: gsouthorn M Paul Lloyd Pandora Go New Find Notify Tools Reply Admin New PM! My Space Member Directory Forum Home Page Profile ... Photo Album Keyword Search Search current forum only Advanced Search New Since your Last Visit Today's Active Topics in this Category Add to My Favorites ... Login/Join Welcome, Logout Hedgie Posted document.write(''+ myTimeZone('Sun, 07 Aug 2005 09:35:57 GMT-0700', 'Sun August 07 2005 17:35')+''); Sun August 07 2005 17:35 I've been thinking... How is it that europe became the first civilisation to dominate the entire world? Up until the 1400s, europe was a feudal backwater and 200 years later, Spain, England, Portugal, etc had colonies all across the world. Jump to the 1800s and the entire world was ruled half a dozen european powers. Why? Why not China or the Arabs, who became more technologically and culturally advanced much earlier? Was it just luck, or were we just more capable at nabbing other people's and improving on them to our advantage? Posts: Fri October 01 2004 M Paul Lloyd Moderator Posted document.write(''+ myTimeZone('Sun, 07 Aug 2005 09:58:25 GMT-0700', 'Sun August 07 2005 17:58')+'');

47. The Great History Of The Arab People And Civilization - PART II Ma mun—a son of Harun alRashid of arabian Nights fame—built a special In conclusion, it is clear that Arab mathematicians, besides passing on to the http://www.middleeastnews.com/arabintro2.html

www.MiddleEastNews.com www.MiddleEastNews.com Introduction to the Arab World - PART II Orientalism in European Literature fabliaux and contes No Western author expressed Europe's fascination with any aspect of Arabism in a more dramatic and poetic form than did Shakespeare. Among his most attractive characters, two are Arabs, or as he calls them, "Moors": Othello, from the play of the same name and the Prince of Morocco, one of the noblest figures in The Merchant of Venice . The prince, modeled on the great Sultan Ahmed al-Mansur, shows a royal dignity expressed in words of great nobility. Whereas the Prince of Morocco is but a minor character in The Merchant of Venice In the London of Queen Elizabeth I, Morocco was very much "in the news." Among the founders of the "Barbary Company," an association of London merchants trading with Morocco, we find the Earl of Leicester, one of the Bard's patrons; it was from his many Barbary-merchant friends that Shakespeare obtained much information of Morocco and its people. Altogether we find more than sixty references to Barbary (Morocco) in Shakespeare's plays. Shakespeare was by no means alone in falling under the spell of Moorish subjects. In his

48. Leonardo Fibonacci the influences of Greek, arabian, and Indian mathematicians may be clearlydiscerned arabian authors already had found three square numbers of equal http://www.nndb.com/people/922/000095637/

This is a beta version of NNDB Search: All Names Living people Dead people Band Names Book Titles Movie Titles Full Text for Leonardo Fibonacci AKA Lonardus Pisanus Born: c. 1175 Birthplace: Pisa, Italy Died: Cause of death: unspecified Gender: Male Ethnicity: White Occupation: Mathematician Level of fame: Famous Executive summary: Liber Abacis Leonardo of Pisa, or Leonardus Pisanus, usually called Fibonacci (from "filius Bonacci"), an Italian mathematician of the 13th century. Of his personal history few particulars are known. His father was called Bonaccio, most probably a nickname with the ironical meaning of "a good, stupid fellow", while to Leonardo himself another nickname, Bigollone (dunce, blockhead), seems to have been given. The father was secretary in one of the numerous factories erected on the southern and eastern coasts of the Mediterranean by the warlike and enterprising merchants of Pisa. Leonardo was educated at Bugia, and afterwards toured the Mediterranean. In 1202 he was again in Italy and published his great work, Liber abaci , which probably procured him access to the learned and refined court of the emperor Frederick II. Leonardo certainly was in relation with some persons belonging to that circle when he published in 1220 another more extensive work

49. MUSICMuslims Have The Distinction Of Being The Pioneers In The Sphere Of Fine Ar AlBuzjani (di998 AD), one of the greatest Arab mathematicians composed The source of arabian music may be traced to early Persian and Byzantine works. http://members.tripod.com/~salems2/music.htm

setAdGroup('67.18.104.18'); var cm_role = "live" var cm_host = "tripod.lycos.com" var cm_taxid = "/memberembedded" Search: Lycos Tripod 40 Yr Old Virgin Share This Page Report Abuse Edit your Site ... Next MUSIC Muslims have the distinction of being the pioneers in the sphere of fine arts in the world. They have patronised and actively participated in the propagation of fine arts wherever they have gone. A wrong impression has been created in the minds of our educated class by the orthodox type of people that Islam forbids all pursuits of fine arts by the Faithful-an idea which does not stand the test of historical records. The Muslims whether Spaniards or Arabs, Persians or Afghans, Turks or Indians have exhibited a lively interest in the development of fine arts which ultimately led to produce in their ranks some of the greatest exponents of these arts. Arabian According to H. G. Farmer, the celebrated writer on oriental music, "music accompanied the Arabs from the cradle to the grave, from the lullaby to the elegy. Every moment of his life seems to have had its particular musicjoy and sorrow, work and play, battle throng and religious exercise".' Arabs were the great exponents of music and according to another western critic, "The cultivation of music by Arabs in all branches reduces to insignificance the recognition of this art in the history of any other country." Under the Abbasid, Spanish and Saljuqid kings music was elevated to the rank of a science., its cultivation was officially patronised and it was recognised as a fine art. People had developed a taste for music and according to Ameer Ali, "A large literature grew up on the subject; songs were collected and classified according to their melodies and keys, and the musical instruments of the ancients were improved and new ones invented.”

50. Muslim Science Its mathematicians created the algebra and algorithms that would enable the The greatest contribution of arabian medicine was in chemistry and in the http://www.amualumni.8m.com/MScience.htm

Free Web Hosting Provider Web Hosting E-commerce High Speed Internet ... Photo Sharing if(window.ivnRotate) window.ivnRotate1 = new window.ivnRotate('ivnRotate1',0,document.awsSearch1.Keywords) Popular Searches: Home Page Back Alumni of Aligarh Muslim University (India) During the almost 1,000 years that science was dormant in Europe, the Arabs, who by the 9th century had extended their sphere of influence as far as Spain, became the custodians of science and dominated biology, as they did other disciplines. - Encyclopaedia Britannica Excerpt of remarks by CEO of HP Introduction Muslim Scientists Engineering ... Agriculture Excerpt of remarks by CEO of HP Top Excerpt of remarks by CARLETON (CARLY) S. FIORINA Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, Hewlett-Packard Company Minnesota Meeting, Minneapolis September 26, 2001 http://www.hp.com/hpinfo/execteam/speeches/fiorina/minnesota01.htm .................. There was once a civilization that was the greatest in the world. It was able to create a continental super-state that stretched from ocean to ocean, and from northern climes to tropics and deserts. Within its dominion lived hundreds of millions of people, of different creeds and ethnic origins.

51. Articles Jaihoon.com Its mathematicians created the algebra and algorithms that would enable thebuilding of The Harbinger of arabian legacy rekindles the memories of Spain. http://jaihoon.com/articles/carly.htm

Jaihoon.com : Old world, New ideas Saturday, September 17th WHAT'S NEW Fu c¢±ai¢v c¢u Jcl® ‘Snehadarshanam’ Paradise comes second Dead or alive: You alone tell me ... Jaihoon Cool, Sufi Soul WHAT'S HOT PV Vivekanand, editor of The Gulf Today, congratulates Jaihoon after the UAE release of The Cool Breeze From Hind, as Tahir Khalid, American Muslim activist, looks on. (left); Jaihoon delivering welcome speech at the function (right). (15/09/2005) SEARCH Jaihoon.com COMMUNICATE Pr int this page Sign Guest book Email to friend jaihoondotcom @ hotmail.com Articles Audio Books Bouquet ... Videos A civilization driven by inventions There was once a Civilization that was The Greatest in The World By CARLY FIORINA, ex-CEO of Hewlett-Packard. This is an excerpt from a speech titled: "TECHNOLOGY, BUSINESS AND OUR WAY OF LIFE: WHAT'S NEXT" Delivered at MINNEAPOLIS, MINNESOTA SEPTEMBER 26, 2001 It was able to create a continental super-state that stretched from ocean to ocean, and from northern climes to tropics and deserts. Within its dominion lived hundreds of millions of people, of different creeds and ethnic origins.

52. Ancient Arab Astronomy In India, then, the contributions made by Gupta mathematicians and astronomerstowards world The arabian Heritage. Dhahran Said Salah Ltd., 1984. http://www.enhg.org/b/b33/33_10.htm

Ancient Arab Astronomy Ancient Arab Astronomy by Robin Westgate, Teacher English Speaking School, Al Ain Introduction Throughout history man has expressed an affinity for knowledge relating to his physical and universal environment. Inevitably such curiosity has also encouraged and given rise to the construction of cosmologies based upon concepts, idiosyncratic or otherwise, extrapolated from observation and deduction. The historic cultures that have deviated from or omitted such intellectual processes are atypical. Man’s quest to describe the mechanisms and laws governing the cosmos has dictated and inexorable drive towards achieving an understanding of it. The reasons for this are various but unified: the need to discover underlying truths and reasons for existence are common to the fields of theology, philosophy and metaphysics, not to mention pure scientific enquiry. All these fields of thought have played their part in initiation man’s cognitive research into his environment, with the ultimate aim of reducing the Universe to rational and reasonable principles, sub specie aeternitatis. In the context of this article I have endeavored to provide a background of astronomical knowledge as a function of time, form the beginnings of recorded history (c.4000 BC) until the time of the ascendancy of Muslim cultures.

53. Hope College | Department Of Mathematics Additional topics may include mathematical induction, elementary set theory, the geometry of Greek mathematicians, the Hindu and arabian contribution, http://www.math.hope.edu/courses.html

^top hope college academic departments math ... Careers Note: This page is intended to provide an accurate reproduction of the information in the Hope College 2005-06 Catalog . Please see the Catalog for Hope College policies relating to changes in this information. Unless otherwise indicated, the terms Fall Semester and Spring Semester refer to Fall 2005 and Spring 2006, respectively. 123. A Study of Functions: A study of functions including polynomial, rational, exponential, logarithmic, and trigonometric functions. These will be explored in their symbolic, numerical, and graphic representations, and connections between each of these representations will be made. A graphing calculator is required. A student cannot receive credit for both MA 123 and MA 125. Four Credits, Spring Semester 125. Calculus with Review I: This course covers the material typically taught in the first half of a Calculus I (MA 131) course. The calculus material is supplemented by reviewing topics of high school mathematics as needed. The calculus topics are also taught at a slower pace. Topics include function review, limits and continuity, the concept (and definition) of a derivative, and differentiation rules (product rule, quotient rule, and chain rule are included). A student cannot receive credit for both MA 123 and MA 125.

54. ARAB WOMAN POTENTIALS AND PROSPECTS Before Islam, women in the arabian Peninsula followed the cultural bonds of the philosophers, astronomers, mathematicians, scientists, doctors, nurses, http://www.library.cornell.edu/colldev/mideast/arbwomn.htm

Arab Woman Potentials and Prospects (The three articles that follow are reprints of original pieces published by Arab Perspectives in its October, 1980 issue, Vol. 1, No. 7) Women in the Arab World Nouha al-Hegelan Nouha al-Hegelan earned a law degree at the University of Damascus. Since her arival in the US in 1979, she has spoken extensively on the question of women in the Arab world. She has traveled widely and during her seven year residence in Spain, was decorated Lazo de Dama de Isabella la Catolica. Erasing individuals or groups by stereotyping them is not a new phenomenon. It is difficult to imagine a society or a period of history completely devoid of this particularly cruel method of robbing people of their humanity; to imagine an individual who could live an entire life without being a victim or villain in the process of stereotyping. Can anyone honestly claim they have never said things like: "Arabs are devious," "Jews are stingy, " "Blondes are dumb (or have more fun)," "Redheads are hot tempered," or any of the countless words and phrases that pretend knowledge where there is only blind assumptions Still, my own experience with stereotyping makes me hopeful. People usually have no real investment in wiping away the unique qualities of another person. When one becomes aware of an individual's special characteristics, and the full richness of the culture and environment that nurtures their growth, a stereotype begins to crumble like any facade. Unless one has a need to keep another in an inferior position, he realizes that prejudice imprisons the attacker as well as the victim

55. Algebra - Patterns - Themepark Greece is not the only place that produced brilliant mathematicians. Travel toancient Arabia and learn about the contributions that arabian thinkers made http://www.uen.org/themepark/patterns/algebra.shtml

Tessellations General Math Fractions/Decimals Geometry ... Patterns Algebra Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with operations on sets of numbers or other elements that are often represented by symbols. Sample some of the following activities to learn more about algebra. Places To Go People To See Things To Do Teacher Resources ... Bibliography Places To Go The following are places to go (some real and some virtual) to find out about algebra. Girls to the Fourth Power http://www.stanford.edu/~meehan/xyz/girls4.html Visit Stanford University and learn about a program that they developed called Girls to the Fourth Power. The program is committed to overcoming the "math block" that is widely perceived to affect many girls. Learn about some of the strategies that they used. Arabic Mathematics : Forgotten Brilliance? http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/HistTopics/Arabic_mathematics.html Greece is not the only place that produced brilliant mathematicians. Travel to ancient Arabia and learn about the contributions that Arabian thinkers made to the science of mathematics. Illuminations: Algebra Resources This site features links to 100+ sites that deal with algebraic concepts. Each site has been reviewed by math professionals to ensure its academic value.

56. Zentralblatt MATH - Journals And Serials Database Internet tools for mathematicians, ,Serials and journal database, browse by the The arabian Journal of Science and Engineering. Section A Sciences. http://www.zblmath.fiz-karlsruhe.de/MATH/serials/zbl/journals/all/a/dir?query_st

57. Dream 2047 : VP News or polishing mirrors_Don Quixote, arabian Nights Entertainments, The earlyIndian mathematicians attached great importance to algebra. http://www.vigyanprasar.com/dream/nov2000/nov2000.htm

VPNEWS ANOTHER VIGYAN PRASAR INITIATIVE TO PROMOTE POPULAR SCIENCE WRITING IN REGIONAL LANGUAGES. 4. Science Quiz Programmes at various levels - local, district, state and national - be initiated in the line of Shri M. V. Kamath's proposal of "Kaun Banega Vigyanpati" to identify brilliant students and award them suitably with scholarships for further studies. Curtains came down on the workshop in the evening of 22 October 2000 with a brief valedictory function where Prof. Hegde, Shri Kamath and Dr. Sehgal placed their erudite comments and observations. Members from the local and national press, officials from MAHE, and overall the writers who assembled at Manipal equivocally praised the pioneering efforts of VP for organizing this workshop and re-affirming its commitment to taking science to the masses. Other subject areas which were covered, though still less prominently, pertained to science and society, announcements of meetings, seminars etc, science popularization, invention/discoveries nuclear science and disasters. About half the coverage (50.8%) was through news and a little over one-quarter (28%) through articles. The remaining items were covered thruogh reports and features.

58. Neighborhood Ethnic Heritage arabian Fest At the Summerfest Grounds on the Milwaukee Lakefront zero and pi are among things we owe to early Arab mathematicians http://members.aol.com/comfyrock/page3ethnic.htm

W e can all be proud of the ethnic diversity of our Neighborhoods and the rich mix of traditions that we each bring to the Neighborhood. We celebrate this diversity on this page. The purpose of this site is to help neighbors learn more about their own cultural heritage as well as about the culture of other neighborhood peoples. W e hope that these Links will be educational to those outside these respective communities, as well as helpful to those within them. The more we know about each other, the more we appreciate each others' rich heritage and traditions, the more fruitful will be the life of our neighborhood. Recent Additions The Great African Board Game of Oware Expanded Kwanzaa Links Language and heritage: African Americans may be interested in the two great lingua francas (languages of commerce between tribes) used in Africa: Swahili (East Africa) and Hausa (West Africa). We've also added links on

59. 47 SOCIETY MAILING LIST ARCHIVE: November 1997 20 1230.30 Origin of Scheherazade Myth I think the arabian priest- mathematicians http://www.47.net/47society/47list/47_11-97.html

This archive contains November 1997 postings to the 47 Society mailing list. 47 List Archive 47 List Home Return to the Society Home Page This site Email Webmaster

60. FIBONACCI picturesque arabian Nights court at Palermo, enlivened by dancing girls, The mathematical writings of Fibonacci known to us and their dates are 2 http://faculty.evansville.edu/ck6/bstud/fibo.html

Fibonacci (c.1175 - c.1240) mathematician Fibonacci was probably the greatest genius of number theory during the 2000 years between Diophantus and Fermat. The sequence defined by F(1) = 1, F(2) = 1, and F(n) = F(n-1) + F(n-2) for n = 3, 4, 5, ... is named the Fibonacci sequence. Fibonacci, also known as Leonardo of Pisa, was born in Pisa, home of the famous leaning tower (inclined at an angle of 16.5 degrees to the vertical). Little is known of his life, and no portrait exists. However, a statue of Fibonacci was erected by the citizens of Pisa. In 1978, Frank Johnson took a picture, seen here, of the head of the Fibonacci statue, some fifteen feet above ground. Since then, the statue has been moved to its present (and original) location at Camposanto Monumentale (at Piazza dei Miracoli, where the Leaning Tower stands.) For more about this statue, visit Fibonacci's statue in Pisa One of the best modern sources of information about Fibonacci is the following article: A. F. Horadam , "Eight hundred years young," The Australian Mathematics Teacher With the kind permission of Professor Horadam and the editor of The Australian Mathematics Teacher

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