61. Generation5 - Turing Machines: A Closer Look Generation5 aims to be the most comprehensive Artificial Intelligence site on the Internet. Communityorientated, Generation5 deals with all AI topics http://www.generation5.org/content/2003/turing2.asp

Home Articles Reviews Interviews ... Contribute Login Login: Password: Keep me logged in. ( help Register Why register? Lost your password? ... MobES Expert System Friends and Affiliates Home Articles General > Theory Turing Machines: A Closer Look By James Matthews Printable Version We will be looking at Turing Machine from a much more theoretical point of view. This essay will assume you have basic knowledge of computational theory - i.e., (non-)deterministic finite automata, regular expressions, and simple set theory. Turing Machines: The Definition In general, while computer scientists like to look at TMs from the perspective of input and output, we will look at them from a more theoretical perspective - input is put in, and the TM outputs "yes" or "no" depending on whether it accepts the input or not. Incidentally, all computations can be reduced to this sort of scenario. With this in mind, Turing Machines can be represented using a 7-tuple: A few things probably need clarifying here. Firstly, the difference between the input alphabet and the tape alphabet. The tape alphabet is a subset of the input alphabet, since the TM might require additional symbols to record states. Secondly, the transition function states that given a state in Q and a tape symbol, the TM transitions to another state in Q, a symbol is written on the tape (this can be the same symbol), and the tape moves left or right. Visualizing Turing Machines A Turing Machine can be represented as a deterministic finite automaton. For example, below is an NFA representation of a Turing Machine that accepts the regular expression 'aba*'. Note that for x/y, z x is the input symbol, y is the output symbol, and z is movement of the

62. Research System of computing similar to a turing machine Supporting material for the paper, A Mechanical turing machine Blueprint for a Biological Computer, http://www.weizmann.ac.il/mathusers/lbn/new_pages/Research_Turing.html

DNA Input as Fuel Biological Nanocomputer System of computing sim ilar to a Turing machine Prof. Shapiro designed a model of a universal molecular computer, awarded U.S. Patent 6,266,569 (July 24, 2001). Supporting material for the paper, A Mechanical Turing Machine: Blueprint for a Biological Computer, presented in the 5th International Meeting on DNA Based Computers includes: The presentation given at Scripps and the Israeli RNA Club. Based on the presentation given at DNA 5. The paper (without references or figures). An RTF version of the paper with references, but without figures. The figures of the paper (better viewed in PowerPoint format The patent Two animations, short and long , which are part of the presentation. A Weizmann Institute press release and photos Press clips

63. TM, The Turing Machine Interpreter (D.S.Woodruff) TM is a turing machine Interpreter written in C. With it you can create, It supports a single list of turing machine commands (in quintuple form) and a http://www2.lns.mit.edu/~dsw/turing/turing.html

TM, The Turing Machine Interpreter David S. Woodruff TM is a Turing Machine Interpreter written in C. With it you can create, alter and run turing machines. To see how TM works, start with the Sample TM runs It supports a single list of turing machine commands (in quintuple form) and a single tape. A turing machine command list may be entered interactively or from a file. It supports 'macros'. Macros may be entered interactively or from a file. TM has a carefully designed user interface, and a VMS-like 'help' utility. Availability The entire package is available for downloading here as a tar file . The tar file contains source files, example files, the TM Manual and the version history. The Sample TM runs and the 'More examples' folder are not in the tar file. An earlier version of TM is also available by anonymous ftp. Please note that this version is no longer being updated. The ftp sites are In Europe, csvax1.ucc.ie (backup save set in /vms/turing.) In the U.S., ftp.spc.edu Links for browsing and downloading Source files . Including the makefile and help file. Example files . Sample quintuple files and macro files. Sample TM runs . Examples of how to use TM. The TM Manual TM version history . Brief history of the development of TM The "README file" More examples . Just a grab bag of stuff. David S. Woodruff

64. Alan Mathison Turing He inspired the now common terms of The turing machine and Turing s Test. The turing machine would read each of the steps and perform them in http://ei.cs.vt.edu/~history/Turing.html

Alan Turing by John M. Kowalik Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for CS 3604, Professionalism in Computing, Fall 1995. Born 23 June 1912, London; Died 7 June 1954, Manchester England; Pioneer in developing computer logic as we know it today. One of the first to approach the topic of artificial intelligence. Education: Sherborne School, 1926-31; Wrangler, Mathematics Tripos, Kings College, Cambridge,1931; Ph.D., Princeton University, 1938 Professional Experience: Fellow, King's College, 1935-45;Princeton University, 1936-38; British Foreign Office, Bletchley Park, 1939-45; National Physical Laboratory, 1945-48; University of Manchester, 1948-54; Honors and Awards: Smith's Prize, Cambridge University, 1936; Order of the British Empire (OBE), 1946; Fellow, Royal Society, 1951. Alan Mathison Turing was one of the great pioneers of the computer field. He inspired the now common terms of "The Turing Machine" and "Turing's Test." As a mathematician he applied the concept of the algorithm to digital computers. His research into the relationships between machines and nature created the field of artificial intelligence. His intelligence and foresight made him one of the first to step into the information age. Alan Turing was born in London on June 23, 1912. As soon as he began attending school, his aptitude for the sciences began to emerge. When it came to the more 'right brain' topics of English and history however, his attention waned. His instructors attempted to get Alan to study other disciplines, but he would respond to mathematics and science. He retained this trait throughout his education.

65. Turing Machine turing machine with Java script. A turing machine can compute everything, a usual computer program can compute. Less efficient but the computation http://www.mathematik.com/Turing/

TURING MACHINE The rule of the machine can be changed by clicking onto the matrix entries. Random produces a random machine. Mathematik STEP STOP RUN ... RANDOM A Turing machine can compute everything, a usual computer program can compute. Less efficient - but the computation allows a mathematical analysis of questions like :"What is computable? What is decidable? What is complexity? Input and output of a Turing machine is performed on a doubly infinite band containing or 1's. This is the memory of the machine. The machine running here with 3 states does the following in state 2: if the band shows 0: go to state 3, move the band to the left and write 1. If the band shows 1, go to state 1, move the band to the left and write 0. This rule for state 2 can be abbreviated as 2: (3L1) (1L0). A challenging sport is to find among all Turing machines with n states the "busy beaver", the program, which produces from the empty band a maximum number of consecutive 1's before it halts.

66. MAW 97 CIPHERS The Turing Machine The turing machine description, software, applets. http://math.arizona.edu/~dsl/tmachine.htm

Enigma Machine Turing Machine Turing Test Alan Turing ... Cryptology Resources Comments to: maw@math.arizona.edu M W 97: CIPHERS The Turing Machine Description of the Turing Machine from The Alan Turing Home Page FOLDOC, the Free On-Line Dictionary of Computing. Downloadable software that simulates a Turing Machine written by John Kennedy of Santa Monica College, CA David S.Woodruff of MIT Java applets that simulate a Turing Machine written by Graham Stalker-Wilde from the Alan Turing Home Page Andreas Ehrencrona. at Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan (the Royal Institute of Technology) Stockholm, Sweden Turing's World by Jon Barwise and John Etchemendy is a self-contained introduction to Turing machines. It allows the user to design, debug, and run sophisticated Turing machines on a Macintosh. Commercial Software. A Finite State Machine tutorial from Mathmania, the University of Victoria, British Columbia.

67. Quantum Turing Machine The turing machine was invented by Alan Turing in 1936 101 in order to address The original purpose of turing machine was to model a formalist http://beige.ucs.indiana.edu/B679/node25.html

Next: Quantum Computability Up: An Abstract Quantum Computer Previous: An Abstract Quantum Computer Quantum Turing Machine The aim of mathematical theory of computation is to discuss and model computation in abstraction from any particular implementation of a computer. As technology develops computers change and evolve. Furthermore at any given time there are many different computer architectures around. In order to be useful mathematics has to abstract all those superficial differences away and concentrate on what really constitutes computation. lambda expressions of Church (Lisp and other functional programming languages are based on those) the Turing machine and somewhat later it turned out that they were very much the same. But later still, towards the end of XXth century, it turned out that certain physical assumptions, which may not necessarily correspond to how certain computations can be done, were smuggled into all three models. In particular quantum computation, the subject of this lecture, is not modelled correctly by any of the above. But there are even some aspects of classical computation, which are not adequately accounted for by the Turing machine and equivalent models, e.g., the thermodynamics of computation. The Turing machine was invented by Alan Turing in 1936 [ ] in order to address Hilbert's Entscheidungsproblem The original purpose of Turing machine was to model a formalist mathematical reasoning, the way Hilbert wanted it to be. And Hilbert wanted a mathematician to forget about the meaning of various mathematical constructs and, instead, just operate on symbols. In order to do that the mathematician had to

68. Turing Machines A turing machine is a hypothetical computer invented by Alan Turing. The turing machine shown is an inverter it travels along the tape turning 0 s http://www.dcs.napier.ac.uk/~andrew/tm/

Turing Machines A Turing Machine is a hypothetical computer invented by Alan Turing . It consists of an infinite tape on which symbols may be read and written. The machine travels right or left along the tape. At each step the machine writes to the tape, travels either left or right and changes state. The set of symbols and the set of states are both finite sets. Inverter Click on the box to activate the Turing Machine. The Turing Machine shown is an inverter - it travels along the tape turning 0's into 1's and 1's into 0's. This is achieved with only one state and two symbols plus blank. A Turing Machine can be described by a function with two inputs and three outputs. The function for the inverter is as follows: INPUTS OUTPUTS state symbol symbol direction state x R x x R x Note that the function is undefined when a blank symbol is read. Under these circumstances the Turing Machine simply stops. Some Turing Machine problems. Try the tutorial which asks for the following: Unary increment - this function takes a string of 1's and adds another: 111 Unary decrement - this function takes a string of 1's and removes one: 111 Binary double - this function doubles a binary string: 111 Binary increment - add one to a binary number: 101 Unary double - double the length of a unary string 111 Palindrome cheker Binary addition

69. Intermediate MUF Tutorial - Turing Machines And Lambda Calculus Turing s proof that a given machine is a Universal turing machine, capable of computing anything which can be computed at all, is quite simple in concept, http://www.muq.org/~cynbe/muq/muf2_42.html

Go to the first previous next last section, table of contents Turing Machines and Lambda Calculus One of the surprising results from mathematical analysis of computation (generally credited independently to Alan Turing and Alonzo Church) is that a very simple machine of the von Neuman variety (or of any one of many similar designs, including for example Conway's ingenious Game of Life, a cellular automaton popular nowadays as a computer screen saver) is capable of computing anything which we know any way at all of computing. For example, it is quite possible to build a machine of this sort with only one or two instructions (which perhaps respectively read two bits and store back the negated OR of them, and conditionally select one of two possible next instructions depending on the value of a given bit) which is quite capable of performing any computation we might want. Almost all the instructions contained in modern computers are logically unneccessary: They are included only to speed up specific common operations, such as addition. Turing's proof that a given machine is a Universal Turing Machine , capable of computing anything which can be computed at all, is quite simple in concept, reducing to showing that such a machine can be programmed to emulate perfectly any other machine which you can describe precisely, and hence can compute whatever the described machine could compute.

70. Tools For Thought By Howard Rheingold: Chapter One The rules of the game to be played by this turing machine are simple Given a A universal turing machine can then scan that coded tape and perform the http://www.well.com/user/hlr/texts/tft3.html

Visit rheingold.com for more recent material Tools For Thought: The People and Ideas of the Next Computer Revolution By Howard Rheingold Chapter Three: The First Hacker and His Imaginary Machine Throughout the winter of 1936, a young Cambridge don put the finishing touches on a highly technical paper about mathematical logic that he didn't expect more than a dozen people around the world to understand. It was an unusual presentation, not entirely orthodox by the rather rigid standards of his colleagues. The young man wasn't entirely orthodox, himself. Although his speech revealed his upper-middle class origins, his manner of dress, his erratic grooming, and his grating voice put off most of his peers. An outsider to the loftier academic-social circles of the university, he had few friends, preferring to spend his time at mathematics, chemistry experiments, chess puzzles, and long runs in the countryside. Computation, when it was finally invented, a century after Babbage, did not come in the form of some new gadget in an inventor's workshop or a scientist's laboratory. The very possibility of building digital computers was given to the world in the form of an esoteric paper in a mathematics journal in 1936 Nobody realized at the time that this peculiar discovery in the obscure field of metamathematics would eventually lead to a world-changing technology, although the young author, Alan Mathison Turing, knew he was on the track of machines that could simulate the human thought processes.

71. CMSC 451 Simulators Various simulators for turing machines and automata (halt mode) A turing machine M = (Q, Sigma, Gamma, delta, q0, B, F) where Q is finite set of states http://www.csee.umbc.edu/~squire/cs451_sim.html

[syllabus] [lecture notes] [HW7-10,Q2,F] [project] ... [computable definitions] CMSC 451 Automata Theory and Formal Languages Various simulators for Turing machines and automata Executable versions for irix.gl available by creating links: ln -s /afs/umbc.edu/users/s/q/squire/pub/tm tm ln -s /afs/umbc.edu/users/s/q/squire/pub/ntm ntm ln -s /afs/umbc.edu/users/s/q/squire/pub/dfa dfa ln -s /afs/umbc.edu/users/s/q/squire/pub/nfa nfa ln -s /afs/umbc.edu/users/s/q/squire/pub/myhill myhill ln -s /afs/umbc.edu/users/s/q/squire/pub/qm qm ln -s /afs/umbc.edu/users/s/q/squire/pub/cykp cykp Executable versions for linux.gl available by creating links: as above with path /afs/umbc.edu/users/s/q/squire/pub/linux/ ln -s /afs/umbc.edu/users/s/q/squire/pub/linux/tm tm Contents Turing Machine, TM simulator Nondeterministic Turing Machine, NTM simulator Deterministic Finite Automata, DFA simulator Nondeterministic Finite Automata, NFA simulator ... Other Links The files referenced on this page are all available on UMBC9 (gl) for copying to your directory using a command such as: cp /afs/umbc.edu/users/s/q/squire/pub/download/tm.cpp . Turing Machine, TM simulator

72. A Turing Machine Simulator Program The turing machine Simulator program simulates the execution of a Turing Alternately you can find a short cut to the turing machine Emulator program at http://userpages.wittenberg.edu/bshelburne/Turing.htm

A Turing Machine Simulator Program 1. Introduction The Turing Machine Simulator program simulates the execution of a Turing Machine by allowing the generation and execution of small Turing Machine programs consisting of quintuples of symbols (current state, current symbol, next symbol, next state, head movement). The Turing Machine Simulator IDE (Integrated Development Environment) displays four windows: Turing Machine Window : Displays the Tape, the Read/Write head, and the Current State. As a Turing Machine program executes, the R/W head moves back and forth over the Tape while the display for the Current State changes. Status Window : Displays the position of the R/W head, the number of steps executed by the Turing Machine, the Quintuple to be executed next, and the "status" of the Turing Machine (running, halt, interrupt etc). This is useful for "single stepping" the execution of a Turing Machine program. Edit Window : A small built-in editor allows the user to create and edit files of Turing Machine quintuples which then can be executed. Menu Window : Menu to display current user options. Contents change depending on the current selection.

73. Turing Machine A turing machine is an abstract representation of a computing device. Any given turing machine can be realized or implemented on an infinite number of http://www.seop.leeds.ac.uk/archives/fall1997/entries/turing-machine/

This is a file in the archives of the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy A B C D ... Z Turing Machine A Turing machine, therefore, is more like a computer program (software) than a computer (hardware). Any given Turing machine can be realized or implemented on an infinite number of different physical computing devices. Computer scientists and logicians have shown that Turing machines given enough time and tape can compute any function that any conventional digital computers can compute. Also, a `probabilistic automaton' can be defined as a Turing machine in which the transition from input and state to output and state takes place with a certain probability (E.g. "If in State 1 scanning a 0: (a) there is a 60% probability that the machine will print 1, move left, and go into State 3, and (b) there is a 40% probability that the machine will print 0, move left, and go into State 2".) History Later Developments Bibliography Other Internet Resources ... Related Entries History Turing machines were first proposed by Alan Turing, in an attempt to give a mathematically precise definition of "algorithm" or "mechanical procedure". Early work by Turing and Alonzo Church spawned the branch of mathematical logic now known as recursive function theory.

74. Dictionary Of Philosophy Of Mind - Turing Machine turing machine A simple mechanical device consisting solely of a tape, The turing machine has had a central role in theories of computation and http://www.artsci.wustl.edu/~philos/MindDict/turingmachine.html

we've moved to philosophy.uwaterloo.ca/MindDict . Please update any links and go there for the latest version. Turing machine A simple mechanical device consisting solely of a tape, a read/write head, and a finite state machine. Turing was able to show that this machine is able to perform all the operations a person working with a logical system would be able to perform. The Turing machine has had a central role in theories of computation and computability since the mid 1930s when they were introduced as a rigorous means of defining the concept of 'method' (or algorithm) by Alan Turing . The machine itself is quite simple: it consists solely of a tape, a read/write head and a table of state changes. The tape is divided into discrete boxes, each of which may have either a zero or a one in it. The head will read or write a zero or one, depending on the current state and what is in the current tape-square which the head reads. Despite the simplicity of this idea, it lays all the foundations for understanding the modern computer and computation in general. Turing was able to show that the Turing machine was a mechanical process that was able to perform all the operations a person working with a logical system would be able to perform.

75. The History Of Computers: Turing Machine a turing machine, that presaged programmable computers. The turing machine was designed to perform logical operations and could read, write, http://www2.fht-esslingen.de/studentisches/Computer_Geschichte/grp3/turing2.html

The Turing machine In 1936 the British mathematician Alan Turing wrote a paper entitled On Computable Numbers in which he described a hypothetical device, a Turing machine, that presaged programmable computers. The Turing machine was designed to perform logical operations and could read, write, or erase symbols written on squares of an infinite paper tape. This kind of machine came to be known as a finite state machine because at each step in a computation, the machine's next action was matched against a finite instruction list of possible states. The Turing machine pictured here above the paper tape, reads in the symbols from the tape one at a time. What we would like the machine to do is to give us an output of 1 anytime it has read at least 3 ones in a row off of the tape. When there are not at least three ones, then it should output a 0. The reading and outputting can go on infinitely. The diagram with the labelled states is known a state diagram and provides a visual path of the possible states that the machine can enter, dependent upon the input. The red arrowed lines indicate an input of from the tape to the machine. The blue arrowed lines indicate an input of 1. Output from the machine is labelled in neon green. Source: Computers: From the Past to the Present Michelle A. Hoyle

76. Turing Machine: Definition And Much More From Answers.com turing machine n. A hypothetical computing device capable of storing information and responding to computational questions, used in mathematical. http://www.answers.com/topic/turing-machine

showHide_TellMeAbout2('false'); Business Entertainment Games Health ... More... On this page: Dictionary Encyclopedia WordNet Wikipedia Best of Web Mentioned In Or search: - The Web - Images - News - Blogs - Shopping Turing machine Dictionary Turing machine n. A hypothetical computing device capable of storing information and responding to computational questions, used in mathematical studies of computability. [After Alan Mathison TURING , who conceived such a machine.] Encyclopedia Turing machine, a mathematical model of a device that computes via a series of discrete steps and is not limited in use by a fixed maximum amount of data storage. Introduced by the British mathematician Alan Turing in 1936, a Turing machine is a particularly simple computer , one whose operations are limited to reading and writing symbols on tape, or moving along the tape to the left or to the right one symbol at a time. Its behavior at a given moment is determined by the symbol in the square currently being read and by the current state of the machine. The theoretical prototype of the electronic digital computer, Turing machines are one of the key abstractions used in modern computability theory, the study of what computers can and cannot do. Appropriate Turing machines have found application in the study of artificial intelligence, the structure of languages, and pattern recognition. WordNet Note: click on a word meaning below to see its connections and related words.

77. Alan Turing The Universal turing machine was essentially a similar device, The Universal turing machine would therefore carry out any systematic process man could http://www.computer50.org/mark1/turing.html

Mark 1 Story : Introduction The Baby Manchester Mark 1 Ferranti Mark 1 Current Page : Turing Machine Turing at Princeton Enigma v. Bombe Mark 1 ... End of Page (Links) Alan M. Turing (1912 - 1954) Alan Mathison Turing was born on June 23rd 1912 in Paddington, London. He was educated at Sherborne School, and then went to King's College, Cambridge in 1931 to read Mathematics. Alan Turing was a brilliant original thinker. Formally a mathematician, in his lifetime he studied and wrote papers over a whole spectrum of subjects, from philosophy and psychology through to physics, chemistry and biology. He was probably at his happiest when he could combine high-level thinking with hands-on experience with machinery or experiments. In addition to his many other interests, for most of his postgraduate life he probably had a deeper understanding of computers and their potential in the future than anyone else. For the full story of Turing's life, visit the Turing Web Site , from which much of this description is derived. The Turing Machine (1934-36) Turing graduated from Cambridge in Mathematics in 1934, and was a fellow at Kings for two years, during which he wrote his now famous paper published in 1937 "

78. The Web As A Turing Machine A digital cellphone is a turing machine its input tape is the keypad, The goal, simply put, is to create a standard way for turing machines to call http://static.userland.com/userLandDiscussArchive/msg010950.html

Archive of UserLand's first discussion group, started October 5, 1998. The web as a Turing Machine Author: Dave Winer Posted: 9/12/1999; 8:47:24 PM Topic: The web as a Turing Machine Msg #: Prev/Next: What is a Turing Machine? In 1936, before the age of computers, Alan Turing, an English mathematician working at Princeton University defined what has come to be known as a "Turing Machine". It's a very simple specification that defines what a computer is. Three simple components, a tape reader, a tape writer, and a processor. The processor reads information from the tape, transforms it, and writes the transformed data to the output tape. Many of today's everyday objects fit the Turing model. A digital cellphone is a Turing Machine its input tape is the keypad, and the output tape is its memory. If your refrigerator, car, bicycle, or stereo has a computer in it, it can be modeled as a Turing Machine. Turing discovered the mathematics of computers, and his model still works, and probably always will work, to simplify the understanding of what we do with computers. The web as a Turing machine Now, if so many things are computers, is the web also a computer, according to Turing's mathematics? Well, yes and no. Much of the web is static pages that do not respond to input. Those are not Turing. But more of the web is dynamic, and that part fits the Turing model, and therefore, is just like any other computer you might encounter.

79. Non-deterministic Turing Machine - Definition Of Non-deterministic Turing Machin In theoretical computer science, an ordinary (deterministic) turing machine has a transition rule that specifies for a given current state of the head and http://encyclopedia.laborlawtalk.com/Non-deterministic_Turing_machine

Add to Favorites General Encyclopedia Legal ... Law forum Search Word: Visit our Law forums Labor Law Accidents Law Bankruptcy Law Business Law ... Tax Law In theoretical computer science , an ordinary (deterministic) Turing machine has a transition rule that specifies for a given current state of the head and computer (s,q) a single instruction (s', q', d), where s' is the symbol to be written by the head, q' is the subsequent state of the computer, and d is the direction (left or right) in which to step. A non-deterministic Turing machine NTM ) differs in that, rather than a single instruction triplet, the transition rule may specify a number of alternate instructions. At each step of the computation we can imagine that the computer "branches" into many copies, each of which executes one of the possible instructions. Whereas a DTM has a single "computation path" that it follows, a NTM has a "computation tree". If any branch of the tree halts with an "accept" condition, we say that the NTM accepts the input. More formally, a k-tape non-deterministic Turing machine is a 7-tuple

80. Turing Machine Simulator This turing machine simulator was created by Wendy Myrvold at the University of Victoria for instructional purposes. The input is very close to a machine http://www.cs.uvic.ca/~wendym/tm/tm.html

A Turing Machine Simulator Contents of this document The simulator Downloading the source code Some simple TM programs A Turing Machine which decides a language ... How to write Turing Machine programs The simulator This Turing machine simulator was created by Wendy Myrvold at the University of Victoria for instructional purposes. The input is very close to a "machine code" as the intent of the simulator is to consolidate the understanding of Universal Turing Machines, how questions about Turing machines can be encoded as a string, the Halting Problem, and other undecidable problems. A more friendly input format could be considered if your intent is merely to program Turing machines. Downloading the source code You need the source code which is: tm.c The old TM simulator only permitted you to test one input at a time which was quite annoying if you want to extensively test your TM programs for correctness. The new TM simulator new_tm.c permits you to have multiple inputs. Each input is terminated with a -1. Compile this with your favorite "C" compiler. I use the "gcc" compiler so I type:

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