61. Www.asap.unimelb.edu.au/hstm/hstm_computers.htm Our first in a 3 part series on the history of computers. In this episode, we’re covering 1980-1989. We’ll hit on the major events of the era,...... Odeo TSWM 05199 The history of computers - Part 1 - 1980-1989 http://www.asap.unimelb.edu.au/hstm/hstm_computers.htm

62. Toasted Pixel Toasted Pixel Presents The history of computers Through Film! It s no mystery that Hollywood films butcher history. Based on a true story means well, http://www.toastedpixel.com/archives/11-24-04-historyofcomputers.html

Toasted Pixel Presents: The History of Computers Through Film! It's no mystery that Hollywood films butcher history. "Based on a true story" means "well, people died in the real story too *shrug!*" But of course, many people don't know much about history or politics, so Hollywood can take many a liberty with facts. But what about computers? There are a heck of a lot more computer users in America than there are historians. Surely, if Hollywood wants to make movies about computers, they can't insult our intelligence by taking as many liberties. Well, uh, anyway, let's go over the movies that have tackled computers, and the lessons they teach us about our electronic friends. The Movie: WarGames The Premise: Matthew Broderick, armed with a 20 baud modem and a floppy drive, accidentally accesses the military's most top secret computer when trying to hack into his high school mainframe. Yeah. The Computer: This movie is about a computer named W.O.P.R. (War Operation Planned Response), which NORAD uses. What does the computer do? Well, it's designed to simulate nuclear attacks and counterattacks; wargames. And to make the wargames even MORE realistic, the military hooked up the computer to every nuclear silo in America, gave it the power to independently launch every nuke, and made the computer think that the simulated attacks from Russia are actually real. Good idea? It gets better! They decided this computer was so great, they didn't want to keep it to themselves, so they made it freely accessible to anyone on the Internet.

63. History Of Computers history of computers. Overview Give the student an appreciation for the events over the An online index of Web resources related to computer history. http://www.msci.memphis.edu/~ryburnp/comp1200/history/

History of computers Overview: Give the student an appreciation for the events over the past several hundred years which have led to the development of digital computing as we know it. Special attention is paid to the microcomputer age which started in the 1970s and continues to the present. Lectures Note: Although the division into two topics seems logical, I usually cover them both in an 85-minute period. The two lectures are required reading for my COMP 1200 class; those interested in computer history can also check out the reference list of Web sites below. History of Computing This lecture by an instructor at the University of Regina (Canada) gives an excellent overview of computer history, particularly the pre-1950 years. Microcomputer History The critical events related to microcomputer development since 1971. This is not intended as a complete history, but rather a minimal list of events that a computer-literate person should know. Other sites related to computer history Virtual Museum of Computing Histories of computer systems, corporations, and general historical information. Probably the best site of this kind of the Web. History of Computing online resources An online index of Web resources related to computer history.

64. History Of Computers history of computers. There is a main line of stateof-the-art computers, The history of computers is ongoing, so expect new developments. Early era http://www.zyra.org.uk/histcomp.htm

CATEGORIES link back to Zyra's front page site index COMPUTERS ... History and Historical links Also see the ultimate retro computer And www.old-computers.com HISTORY OF COMPUTERS There is a main line of state-of-the-art computers, ie the primary science, and there's also the history of publically available affordable computers, the subject of which is here. The history of computers is ongoing, so expect new developments. Early era: NASCOM 2 see www.mixtel.co.uk ACORN ATOM APPLE 2E Commodore PET see www.commodorePET.net Popularist era: FREEWARE ZX80/ZX81 EMULATORS at http://users.aol.com/autismuk/sinclair.htm ZX81 WEB RING at http://home.t-online.de/home/sinclair_zx81/zx81_wbr.htm (gone, but you can still see T-mobile ZX SPECTRUM Planet Sinclair (ZX80/81/Spectrum etc.) and Xyroth's page of Sinclair links ORIC - See www.rhetoric.8k.com Alhazred's Vic 20 Page (was http://members.nbci.com/vic20/) TEXAS TI99 www.99er.net resources for Texas TI99 range of computers COMMODORE 64 EMULATORS / RESOURCES at http://www.ozemail.com.au/~gvincent/ and Xyroth's page of C64 emulators AMSTRAD CPC464 www.cpc-center.de

65. History Of Computers computer ed word processing calendar course outline history of computers computer care study guides. history of computers http://userwww.sfsu.edu/~tgaines/education/students/history/history.htm

computer ed word processing calendar course outline ... study guides HISTORY OF COMPUTERS Click on the link below to complete the Reduce/Record/Reflect worksheet: Abacus Apple Babbage ENIAC ... Transistor

66. Readings And Surfings: Techno-Cultural Media Resources history of computers and Communications A. Computers and the Internet B. Media, Telecommunications, Science, and Technology http://www.duke.edu/~wgrobin/ethics/surfmisc.html

Introduction Assignments Schedule Discuss ... About Site Readings Required Texts Recommended Texts Relevant Periodicals Surfings Ethical Legal and Civic Techno-Cultural Media Voices ... Webinator Search Techno-Cultural Media Resources History of Computers and Communications Library Reference, Books, and Publishing Media, Journalism, and Multimedia Postmodernism, Interactivity, Cyberculture, and Art ... Technology: Cognition, Computers, and the Internet The definitive site for the topics on this page is Alan Liu 's Voice of the Shuttle VoS , Web Page for Humanities Research, particularly the Science, Technology, and Culture section. Therefore, I refer to the appropriate pages on Liu's site for the sections below and provide additional pointers relevant to this class. VoS History of Language Technology History of Sci-Tech Museums of Sci-Tech and Museums 1. History of Computers and Communications A. Computers and the Internet B. Media, Telecommunications, Science, and Technology A. Computers and the Internet Apple Timeline 1976-96, from Wozniak and Jobs to the corporation A Brief History of VRML : From Pipe-Dream to Practicality, in the Blink of

67. Chicago Public Radio - Audio Library: Odyssey Listen to Audio, The Social history of computers Paul Edwards—Associate Professor, School of Information; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor http://www.chicagopublicradio.org/audio_library/od_rajul05.asp

Schedule Programs Audio Library Events ... Support Us Sep 16, 2005 8:53 PM CT ODYSSEY Audio Library To listen to audio on our site, you need to have RealPlayer 8 or later. July 2005 Sun Mon Tues Wed Thurs Fri Sat Genetics and Human History The National Geographic Society plans to reconstruct human migration patterns by conducting genetic studies of indigenous populations, renewing the debate over genetic research. What can genetics contribute to our understanding of the human species? Biologist and science educator Katayoun Chamany and historian of scientific philosophy M. Susan Lindee join Chicago Public Radio's Gretchen Helfrich for the discussion. Lindee is author of the book, Genetic Disease in American Culture: Moments of Truth. Originally broadcast April 22, 2005 The Life of Uncle Tom’s Cabin While today many think of Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin as typifying egregious stereotypes of African Americans, the novel was hugely popular for over one hundred years. Why did the abolitionist tale have such a big impact? Literary scholars Jim O'Loughlin and Kenneth Warren join Chicago Public Radio's Gretchen Helfrich for the discussion. O'Loughlin is coauthor of the book

68. Paul N. Edwards Essay review of five books on history and social studies of computers. RC/History 379/SI 528, history of computers and Networks (Fall); RC IDiv/STS 330, http://www.si.umich.edu/~pne/

Paul N. Edwards Associate Professor Director, UM STS Program School of Information Residential College West Hall Tyler 104, East Quad University of Michigan University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1092 Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1245 Office: (734) 764-2617 Office: (734) 647-4346 Fax: (734) 764-2475 Email: pne at umich dot edu Research : history, politics, and cultural aspects of 2003-05 research project: "The Technopolitics of Information Infrastructure in South Africa: Apartheid, Regime Change, and Legitimate Sovereignty" Supported by fellowships from the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation and the Carnegie Corporation of New York . See press release for further details. Selected Publications Books Changing the Atmosphere: Expert Knowledge and Environmental Governance (MIT Press, 2001) Clark Miller and Paul N. Edwards, eds. The Closed World: Computers and the Politics of Discourse in Cold War America (MIT Press, 1996) Links to overview, full text of

69. Triumph Of The Nerds: A History Of The Computer computers have their beginnings back in prehistory, starting with the abacus. history Who Are These Nerds? Guess the Computer The Transcript http://www.pbs.org/nerds/timeline/

A HISTORY OF THE COMPUTER Computers have their beginnings back in pre-history, starting with the abacus. Have a look! Abacus - c. 3000 B.C. Transistors - 1947 Doug Engelbart - 1968 Apple II - 1977 ... PBS Online

70. Intro-History And Computers Contents. picture Current uses of computers in history picture Limitations. picture The future of computers and history picture Conclusion. http://www.humanities.mcmaster.ca/~hccrs/sswebpages/intro.htm

History and Computers Introduction Computers have revolutionized every means of communications in the world today. It is not surprising to find that they have changed the way we look at and research history. However, despite these changes, it should be recognized that the current use of computers in this field of study does have its limitations in its application to studies by the historian and student. The usefullness of computers in the future may very well determine whether or not this revolution will effectively spread to the discipline of History. Contents Current uses of computers in History Limitations The future of computers and History Conclusion

71. History Of The IEEE Computer Society A history of the IEEE Computer Society. In 1968, IEEE Transactions on computers became a monthly publication. The number of published periodical pages http://www.computer.org/history/

72. Computer Chronicles: From Stone To Silicon A complete timeline of computers and their history starting at 3000BC until today. English and Français versions~ http://library.thinkquest.org/22522/

Before 1944 Memories Quotes Future ... Sources var code = " ";var page="index.html" document.write(code); Welcome to Computer Chronicles: From Stone to Silicon! This page is designed to inform people young and old about how the computers that we use today came into being. The voyage starts in about 3000 BC, with the invention of the abacus in ancient China. It proceeds through the development of vacuum tubes, transistors, integrated circuits, microprocessors and countless other inventions until the computer of today. The timelines on this web page are divided into five sections, each beginning and ending with a defining event in the history of computers. The first timeline begins with the invention of the abacus in 3,000BC. The abacus was the first human-made numerical calculator. The era ends with the invention of the ENIAC, the world's first electronic computer in 1943. The second timeline starts with the EDVAC, the first stored program computer. It proceeds through a variety of vacuum tube-based computers until the debut of the microprocessor in 1971, the 4004 by Intel. After the arrival of the microprocessor, many different computer companies appeared and began developing their own microprocessors and microcomputers. Companies such as Apple, Compaq, and Commodore started during this period of confusion. At the conclusion of the timeline is the first home personnal computer by IBM in 1981.

73. Hist_c_50s The computer used 800 vacuum tubes and took up 12 square feet of floor space. Because of its sucess, Lyons began manufacturing computers. http://library.thinkquest.org/18268/History/hist_c_50s.htm

COMPUTERS - The 1950's 1950 - ERA 1101 The ERA 1101 was the first commercially produced computer. It was built by the Engineering Research Associates of Minneapolis. It's storage device was a 1 million bit magnetic drum, that registered information in magnetic pulses. The US Navy was the first to use the ERA 1101. 1950 - SEAC The Standards Eastern Automatic Computer was built by the National Bureau of Standards in Washington to test component and systems. It was the first computer to use all-diode logic, as opposed to vacuum tubes. It was also an early stored-program computer. Program information, coded subroutines, and numerical data was stored on magnetic tape in the external storage units. SWAC (Standards Western Automatic Computer was also built by the National Bureau of Standards, at the Institute for Numerical Analysis in Los Angeles. SWAC was used for computing, not for testing technology. 1950 - Pilot ACE The two year building project of Pilot ACE was lead by J. H. Wilkinson. The computer used 800 vacuum tubes and took up 12 square feet of floor space. Input and output were achieved through cards. It's delay-line memory size was 352 32 digit words. It's add-time was 1.8 microseconds. 1951 - MIT Whirlwind The Whirlwind was a six year long project, but the result was good. It's add- time was only .05 microseconds. Input and output devices included a cathod ray tube, paper tape, and magnetic tape. It's cathode ray tube, and magnetic drum memory size was 2048 16 digit words. The computer took up 3,100 square feet of floor space, and uncluded 4,500 vacuum tubes along with 14,800 diodes. The project was lead by Jay Forrester and Robert Everett

74. Introducing The Computers, Videogames And Arcade Collector's Ring Top/computers/history http://www.chez.com/samurai/RING/ring.htm

75. Short History Of The Internet By Bruce Sterling Mark I was the first of a series of computers designed and built under The computer revolution has been the fastest growing technology in man s history. http://w3.aces.uiuc.edu/aim/scale/comphistory.html

Computers: From Past to Present A Lecture by Michelle A. Hoyle hoyle@cs.uregina.ca This lecture was given in the fall of 1994 at the University of Regina for 400 CS-100 students. CS-100 is an introductory course designed primarily for students from other disciplines. It is not intended for the computing science major student. As such, this material has been geared to appeal to those students. The start of the modern science that we call "Computer Science" can be traced back to a long ago age where man still dwelled in caves or in the forest and lived in groups for protection and survival from the harsher elements on the Earth. Many of these groups possessed some primitive form of animistic religion, worshipping the sun, the moon, the trees, or sacred animals. Within the tribal group was one individual to whom fell the responsibility for the tribe's spiritual welfare. It was he or she who decided when to hold the secret and public religious ceremonies and interceded with the spirits on behalf of the tribe. In order to correctly hold the ceremonies to ensure good harvest in the fall and fertility in the spring, these shamans needed to be able to count the days or the seasons. From shamanistic tradition, man developed the first primitive counting mechanisms of counting notches on sticks or walls. From the caves and the forests, man slowly evolved and built structures such as Stonehenge. Stonehenge, which lies 13km north of Salisbury, England is believed to have been an ancient form of calendar, designed to capture the light from the summer solstice in a specific fashion. The solstices have long been special days for various religious groups and cults. Archeologists and anthropologists today are not quite certain how the structure, believed to have been built about 2800 B.C., came to be erected since the technology required to join together the giant stones and raise them upright seems to be beyond the technological level of the Britons at the time. It remains today a monument to man's intense desire to count and track the occurrences of the physical world around him.

76. History Of Calculators, Computers, And Internet computers history and Development Online Accessed 6/16/01 The timeline for this view of computer history begins 350 million years ago, http://otec.uoregon.edu/history_of_computers.htm

OTEC Home Page Annotated Reference List History of Calculators, Computers, and Internet "Who controls the past commands the future. Who commands the future conquers the past." George Orwell There is a huge amount of IT historical information available on the web. Most of the sampling of references given below were easily located using the Google Search Engine. References http://www.ee.ryerson.ca/~elf/abacus/ This Website includes history, pictures, and directions for use. It also contains a copy of an article discussing a 1946 contest in Tokyo between a calculator user (an American GI) and an abacus user (a Japanese). http://www.webcom.com/calc/ . Quoting from the Website: The history of mathematics goes a long way back with devices and methods of calculation. Starting with the ancient Abacus, the slide rule and the logarithms, the mechanical calculating machines, the electromechanical calculators and finally the electronic computer. This site deals mainly with the mechanical calculating machines from a collector's point of view. http://www-sci.lib.uci.edu/HSG/RefCalculators.html

77. History Of Laptop Computers Manny Fernandez had an early idea for a laptop computer for executives however there are the 1979 designs by William Moggridge. http://inventors.miningco.com/library/inventors/bllaptop.htm

zJs=10 zJs=11 zJs=12 zJs=13 zc(5,'jsc',zJs,9999999,'') About Business Inventors Great Inventions ... Computers and Internet History of Laptop Computers Business Inventors Essentials 20th Century Inventions - Timelines ... Help zau(256,140,140,'el','http://z.about.com/0/ip/417/C.htm','');w(xb+xb+' ');zau(256,140,140,'von','http://z.about.com/0/ip/496/7.htm','');w(xb+xb); FREE Newsletter Sign Up Now for the Inventors newsletter! See Online Courses Search Inventors History of Laptop Computers - History Left - Modern Laptop Today It is a little hard to determine what was the first portable or laptop computer, the first portable computers did not look like the book-sized and folding laptops that we are familiar with today, however, they were both portable and lapable, and lead to the development of notebook style laptops. I have outlined several potential firsts below and how each qualifies, many of the off-site links provide good photos of the computers that will let you see the progression in design. The First Laptop? Maybe Designed in 1979 by a Briton, William Moggridge, for Grid Systems Corporation, the Grid Compass was one fifth the weight of any model equivalent in performance and was used by NASA on the space shuttle program in the early 1980's. A 340K byte bubble memory lap-top computer with die-cast magnesium case and folding electroluminescent graphics display screen. Gavilan Computer As The First Laptop?

78. Computer History It would presage programmable computers. He also used vacuum technology to build (See history of the Internet) 1970 Dr. Ted Hoff developed the famous http://tdi.uregina.ca/~complit/comphist.htm

The Technological Threshold The First Generation The Second Generation The Third Generation The Fourth Generation Other Chronologies: Computers in the Media Computer Games Computer-generated Special Effects Internet Evolution of the Computer: The first counting device was the abacus, originally from Asia. It worked on a place-value notion meaning that the place of a bead or rock on the apparatus determined how much it was worth. 1600s: John Napier discovers logarithms. Robert Bissaker invents the slide rule which will remain in popular use until 19. 1642: Blaise Pascal, a French mathematician and philosopher, invents the first mechanical digital calculator using gears, called the Pascaline. Although this machine could perform addition and subtraction on whole numbers, it was too expensive and only Pascal himself could repare it. 1804: Joseph Marie Jacquard used punch cards to automate a weaving loom. 1812: Charles P. Babbage, the "father of the computer", discovered that many long calculations involved many similar, repeated operations. Therefore, he designed a machine, the difference engine which would be steam-powered, fully automatic and commanded by a fixed instruction program. In 1833, Babbage quit working on this machine to concentrate on the analytical engine. Augusta Ada . "The first programmer" suggested that a binary system shouled be used for staorage rather than a decimal system. 1850s: George Boole developed Boolean logic which would later be used in the design of computer circuitry.

79. History Find It computers history Computer history Association of California A nonprofit corporation, who safeguards and organizes the history of electronic http://www.ebroadcast.com.au/dir/Computers/History/

SEARCH GUIDE NEWS AUSTRALIAN TV GUIDE DVD RENTALS ... Computers : History COMPUTERS Hardware Internet Languages Operating Systems ... Brief History of Computers Charts the evolution of computers from ancient times to the present. Charles Babbage Institute (CBI) A research center at the University of Minnesota dedicated to promoting the study and preservation of the history of computing and information processing. Chronology of Personal Computers Timeline of microcomputers from the development of the microprocessor in the 1960s through to the present day. Includes hardware, software, peripherals, companies, and individuals. Computer History Association of California A non-profit corporation, who safeguards and organizes the history of electronic computing, not only in California, but nationally and internationally. They collect and archive hardware, software and documents. Computer History Images Pictures of many of the pioneering computers. Computer History Museum Focuses exclusively on the history of computing. Located in Mountain View, California. Search the collection, illustrated timeline, online exhibits and select images from the collection, "This Day in History," curator's choice, and the Hall of Fellows (awards for contributions to computing). Computer Industry History Comprehensive list of links to the best computer industry history resources that can currently be found on the 'Net Computers, Videogames and Arcade Collector's Ring

80. Computer History And Internet History And Vintage Computers, Oh My! Ancient Geek history. Vintage Computer Resources CHAC history Pages S TS 355 computers From Babbage to Gates1 THE history OF COMPUTING http://www.warbaby.com/history.html

Ancient Geek History Vintage Computer Resources Personal Collections Paul Pierce Blinkenlights Archaeological Institute //www.ftech.net/~kevan/collecti Tom's Classic Computers ... Obsolete Computer Museum Computer Museums and Miscellaneous Resources Vintage Computer Festival Classic Computer Rescue List Dead Media Project TEXT ARCHIVES The Machine Room: Index of Micros ... Pop Quiz: What was the first personal computer? Apple Apple History Classic Macs Portable Macintosh Steve Wozniak Lisa Lisa/Sun Remarketing Raoul's Lisa/MacXL Tech Info and Software Altair MITS/Pertec Altair 8800/680b/MITS 300 The MITS Altair Altair 8800 Atari Antic - The Atari Resource Atari 8-bit Resort Atari XL/XE-System The Atari 8-Bit Homepage : MAIN PAGE ... atari Amiga Paxtron Corporation (AMIGA parts) Commodore Larry's Classic Commodore Pages CaBoom! - Your One-Stop Commodore Links Site

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