41. Information Technology History - Outline Stan Augarten, BIT By BIT An Illustrated history of computers (New York Ticknor Fields, 1984). R. Moreau, The Computer Comes of Age The People, http://www.tcf.ua.edu/AZ/ITHistoryOutline.htm

A History of Information Technology and Systems Four basic periods Characterized by a principal technology used to solve the input, processing, output and communication problems of the time: Premechanical, Mechanical, Electromechanical, and Electronic A. The Premechanical Age: 3000 B.C. - 1450 A.D. Writing and Alphabetscommunication. First humans communicated only through speaking and picture drawings. 3000 B.C., the Sumerians in Mesopotamia (what is today southern Iraq) devised cuniform Around 2000 B.C., Phoenicians created symbols The Greeks later adopted the Phoenician alphabet and added vowels; the Romans gave the letters Latin names to create the alphabet we use today. Paper and Pensinput technologies. Sumerians' input technology was a stylus that could scratch marks in wet clay. About 2600 B.C., the Egyptians write on the papyrus plant around 100 A.D., the Chinese made paper from rags, on which modern-day papermaking is based. Books and Libraries: Permanent Storage Devices. Religious leaders in Mesopotamia kept the earliest "books"

42. February 16, 1996, Hour One:History Of Computers February 16, 1996, Hour Onehistory of computers. history of computers. Fifty years ago this month, the US Army and the University of Pennsylvania http://www.sciencefriday.com/pages/1996/Feb/hour1_021696.html

THIS WEEK ON SCIENCE FRIDAY... Science Friday Archives February History of Computers Fifty years ago this month, the U.S. Army and the University of Pennsylvania teamed up to produce an all-electronic machine that heralded the beginning of the Information Age. In this hour of Science Friday, we'll look back on the half-century since ENIAC was invented and reflect on how computers have revolutionized our lives. Guests Mitchell Marcus University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA Sherry Turkle Author, "Life on the Screen: Identity in the Age of the Internet" Professor of the Sociology of Science Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA Joel Shurkin Author, "Engines of the Mind: The Evolution of the Computer from Mainframes to Microprocessors" San Francisco, CA Listen to this program in RealAudio!

43. History Of Computers Helping People Use Computers! history of computers About Us Contact Us Client Testimonials Store Locations News Services Employment History of http://www.nerdz.com/9999/history_of_computers.htm

Helping People Use Computers! In the last twenty years or so computer have gone from over-sized calculators, to compact and easy to use devices. Hopefully this History will be informative, entertaining, and ultimately further your enjoyment and knowledge of computers. Computer Terminology CPU (central processing unit): This works as the brain of your personal computer. It receives information from other parts on the computer, makes decision and sends that information on to another part of the computer. And it does it very quickly. Some CPUs can process millions of instructions in one second. MOTHERBOARD : The largest board in the computer that holds the CPU, memory, and other daughter cards. The newest motherboards have a 133MHZ or higher "BUS" speed. The Busses are the paths which all information flows from one piece of hardware to another. HARD DRIVE (HDD): The hard drive is where your programs and data are stored. It is like the cassette tape that saves your recordings. A filing cabinet holds paper files, letters, and records just like a hard drive holds digital information about your files, letters and records for you to print of view on the screen In 1993, the common hard drive size was a mere 80MB. Ten years later most computers come standard with a 100GB hard drive and some games can consume more than 200GB of space. RAM (random access memory): This is the area of the computer where information is temporarily stored for further processing or printing. It's kind of like the work area where you spread out the files and documents you are working on at the time. If you don't save your work to the hard drive it will be lost when you turn the computer off. Each program takes up a certain amount of memory to process and do calculations. The more memory you have the more things you can do. Ten years ago DOS programs could operate easily with 1 or 2MB of RAM. Windows 3.1 programs need a minimum of 4MB of ram. Windows 95 realistically needs a minimum of 32MB. Windows 98 needs 64MB. Windows XP needs 128MB. It is always best to have more memory than the minimum requirement.

44. Met Office: History Of Computers At The Met Office history of computers at the Met Office. history of computers 1959 to 2004. In the beginning About 50 years ago, the Synoptic and Dynamical Research http://www.met-office.gov.uk/research/nwp/numerical/computers/history.html

Home Research NWP Numerical Modelling ... Computers History NWP Climate Seasonal forecasting Atmospheric processes ... The stratosphere History of Computers 1959 to 2004 In the beginning... About 50 years ago, the Synoptic and Dynamical Research Sub-committee of the Meteorological Research Committee recommended that the Met Office obtain an electric desk-calculator, and recruit a mathematician specially trained in computational methods, to enable the office to undertake trial meteorological computations. So it was, with such basic equipment, not even capable of automatic multiplication, that the Met Office began to fulfil the dream of L.F. Richardson, when in 1922 he suggested the possibility of numerical weather prediction using a grand "forecast factory" - consisting of thousands of (human) computers, seated around a globe shaped auditorium, each one calculating the future state of the atmosphere at a fixed location by evaluating a set of equations. In the ten years following the purchase of the electrical desk-calculator, a small number of Met Office staff had access to a "real" computer - the LEO 1 - which had been built by Lyons, the caterers. Eventually, in 1959 the Met Office purchased its first computer - a Ferranti Mercury, which the office named Meteor. With glowing valves and copious volumes of paper tape, the Met Office had entered the computer age.

45. Past Notable Women Of Computing Alice Burks has coauthored numerous articles on ENIAC and the history of computers with her husband, Arthur Burks, a computer scientist who was part of the http://www.cs.yale.edu/homes/tap/past-women-cs.html

Past Notable Women of Computing Computing Community: Please help us expand this section. Send TAP your information on historical women in CS by clicking on the "submit" icon below. Submit information Feedback Pioneering Women of Computing Ada Byron King, Countess of Lovelace (1815-1852) Edith Clarke (1883-1959) Grace Murray Hopper (1906-1992) Alexandra Illmer Forsythe (1918-1980) ... Other Resources Kay McNulty Mauchly Antonelli During the early 1940's, Kay McNulty, a recent math graduate from Chestnut Hill College, was employed along with about 75 other young female mathematicians as a "computer" by the University of Pennsylvania's Moore School of Engineering. These "computers" were responsible for making calculations for tables of firing and bombing trajectories, as part of the war effort. The need to perform the calculations more quickly prompted the development of the ENIAC, the world's first electronic digital computer, in 1946. Kay McNulty Mauchly Antonelli recalls computing in 1946: "We did have desk calculators at that time, mechanical and driven with electric motors, that could do simple arithmetic. You'd do a multiplication and when the answer appeared, you had to write it down to reenter it into the machine to do the next calculation. We were preparing a firing table for each gun, with maybe 1,800 simple trajectories. To hand-compute just one of these trajectories took 30 or 40 hours of sitting at a desk with paper and a calculator. As you can imagine, they were soon running out of young women to do the calculations. Actually, my title working for the ballistics project was `computer.' The idea was that I not only did arithmetic but also made the decision on what to do next. ENIAC made me, one of the first `computers,' obsolete.

46. World History Compass, History Of Computers Links to computer history sites. Computer History Collection Exhibitions, reference materials, interviews. Smithsonian National Museum of American http://www.worldhistorycompass.com/compute.htm

World History Compass Home Page New Links About WHC Support WHC Main Index General and International History Ancient Egypt Ancient, General ... Museums Search WHC Computers Center for the History of Information Processing Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota. Charles Babbage's First Difference Engine A comprehensive history of Charles Babbage's First Difference Engine with archival sources and many pictures. Computer History Collection Exhibitions, reference materials, interviews. Smithsonian National Museum of American History. Computer Museum Computer Science, University of Virginia. ENIAC Virtual Museum Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer. University of Pennsylvania. History of Computing Main events in the history of computing since 1937. From MB Solutions. Hobbes' Internet Timeline Internet for Historians, History of the Internet A course outline by R.T. Griffiths, Leiden University, The Netherlands. Past Notable Women of Computing A number of biographies of pioneering women of computing. Resources and bibliographies. Yale University. The Software History Center The history of the software industry and the stories of its creative entrepreneurs and software developers starting from its beginnings in the 1950s.

47. Quiz On History Of Computers And Information Technology Quiz on Computers. Learn more about the people who were and are behind computing and the PCs. Learn about the history of computers, the development and more http://www22.brinkster.com/beeandnee/quiztime/historyofcomputers.asp

var google_language="en"; var adHB=true; wDoL("top","NX72UQN"); wCls("NX72UQN"); wDoL("btm","NX72UQN"); showA("NX72UQN"); Web Hosting by Brinkster Skip Navigation Links home techzone ... QuizTime Quiz - History of Computers VAX minicomputers : The VAX range of minicomputers was released by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) on October 25, 1977. It was the first commercially available 32-bit machine and was intended to replace the older PDP-11 series. The letters VAX stand for Virtual Address eXtension. VAX machines used the VMS (later called OpenVMS) operation system. VAX Links: vaxarchive.org VAX History at WilliamBader.com VAX History at webmythology.com Random Access Memory ( RAM ) was invented by Robert Dennard The Winchester Drive , and the floppy disk drive were invented at IBM Ethernet was invented by Dr. Robert (Bob) Metcalfe Lady Ada Lovelace The IBM PC , which featured the 16-bit Intel 8088 microprocessor, came in 1981. The Xerox Star 8010 , developed by Xerox in 1981, featured the mouse and a desktop with icons. This was the first computer with a graphical user interface (GUI). The GUI was first developed by Xerox in 1973 for Alto, an experimental predecessor to the Xerox Star. Apple Computers : formed on April 1, 1976 by

48. Bernie Poole's Presentation On The History Of Computers 15Sep-01 A Brief history of computers. http://www.pitt.edu/~poole/historyofcomputers.htm

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49. Bernie Poole's Presentation On The History Of Computers http://www.pitt.edu/~poole/historyofcomputers_files/frame.htm

50. Intel Education: TJI: Explore The Curriculum: Intro To Computers In this section, you will learn a bit about the history of computers, the four essential components of a computer, and the differences between your brain http://www97.intel.com/discover/JourneyInside/TJI_Intro/default.aspx

Overview Explore the Curriculum Instructional Strategies Introduction to Computers ... Lesson 7: Which is Smarter? The Digital World How to Navigate This Site The title on the tab above lets you know you are in the Introduction to Computers section. To the left are the links for the lessons available in this section. Click on a tab above and you will jump to that section. Similarly, use the links to the left to proceed through the lessons and activities for this section. It is recommended, though not required, that you go through the lessons in sequence. What you learn in one lesson prepares you for what you will discover in the next one. Other choices will pop up from time to time. For example, a question mark alerts you to an interesting question to think about. Never be afraid to click on something. If you are unhappy with where it takes you, simply click your browser's BACK button. Ready to Start? Click the Lesson 1 link to the left. Contact Education *Legal Information

51. Intel Education: TJI: Intro To Computers: Lesson 1 Introduction to Computers, Lesson 1 history of computers history of computers Throughout time, humans have invented ingenious calculating machines. http://www97.intel.com/discover/JourneyInside/TJI_Intro_lesson1/default.aspx

Overview Explore the Curriculum Instructional Strategies Introduction to Computers ... Lesson 7: Which is Smarter? View the History ... To view the video, select a player and then click on your connection speed. Select a Player Windows Media Real One QuickTime Dialup High Speed Want to Learn More About Inventions? Visit Visual Ranking and use the interactive thinking tool to arrange a list of inventions in order of significance. Compare your list with other students' results, and explore the ways in which technological inventions have shaped the world throughout human history. History of Computers Throughout time, humans have invented ingenious calculating machines. One of the earliest was the abacus. It's about 5,000 years old. Mechanical calculators that could add and multiply (but not subtract!) were invented in the 1600s. In 1820, Charles Xavier Thomas de Colman invented the arithometer, a machine that could add, subtract, multiply and divide. It was Charles Babbage though, in the early 1800s, who designed mechanical calculating machines (see photo) that were the true ancestor of today's computers. Ada Byron King (Countess of Lovelace) was his programmer and today is considered the mother of computer programming. Babbage's design for his ultimate calculator, the Analytical Engine, was never produced. It did anticipate the four components essential to modern computing. These components are

52. The Language And History Of Computers -- Index The Language and history of computers. Willie W. Webfoot Speaks The Language of Computers. Understanding Computer Jargon Need help unscrambling the http://www.imagescape.com/helpweb/history/history.html

The Language and History of Computers Understanding Computer Jargon Need help unscrambling the language of the Internet and computers in general? Try these sites for acronym and abbreviation lists, glossary and dictionary sites. The History of the Internet Learn a little bit about the history behind the Information Age. Visit these sites for timelines, biographical information, and folklore. Top of This Page Return to the Main Index At some point during your visit, please be sure to read our E-mail Web FTP News ... Home This page is archived at http://www.imagescape.com/helpweb

53. WIReD: History Of Computers - SJLibrary.org Information about library resources for research, including online databases, selected websites and subject guides for academic coursework. http://www.sjlibrary.org/research/web/iguide_subjectList.htm?t=134&catID=59

54. EDUCATION PLANET - 7167 Web Sites For History Of Computers EDUCATION PLANETSearch Results for keyword history of computers. http://www.educationplanet.com/search/search?keywords=History of Computers

55. EDUCATION PLANET - 7167 Web Sites For History Of Computers CHAC History Pages * Computers, Calculators, Pre-electronic The history of computers During My Lifetime * - The history of computers During My http://www.educationplanet.com/search/search/?keywords=History of Computers

56. History Of Computers Computer History Images Pictures of many of the pioneering computers. Computer Industry History - Comprehensive list of links to the best computer http://www.edinformatics.com/computers/history.htm

EDinformatics Home Page History of Computers Computers : History Hardware Internet Languages Museums ... Video Games See also: Computers: Emulators Recreation: Collecting: Computers Society: History: By Topic: Science: Engineering and Technology Sites: Brief History of Computers - Charts the evolution of computers from ancient times to the present. Charles Babbage Institute (CBI) - A research center at the University of Minnesota dedicated to promoting the study and preservation of the history of computing and information processing. Chronology of Personal Computers - Timeline of microcomputers from the development of the microprocessor in the 1960s through to the present day. Includes hardware, software, peripherals, companies, and individuals. Computer History Association of California - A non-profit corporation, who safeguards and organizes the history of electronic computing, not only in California, but nationally and internationally. They collect and archive hardware, software and documents. Computer History Images - Pictures of many of the pioneering computers.

57. Talk:History Of Computers - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia Talkhistory of computers. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Article Discussion Edit this page + History. Personal tools http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:History_of_computers

Talk:History of computers From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. I think the page should start with the mechanical calculators of Schickard Blaise Pascal and Gottfried Leibniz Also, Zuse 's and Alan Turing 's work is missing. Anybody know more about the eighteenth century polynomial solver that's mentioned in the difference engine section? If Univac was a 1000 times faster - what were its competitors? Retrieved from " http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:History_of_computers Views Article Discussion Edit this page History Personal tools Create account / log in Navigation Main Page Community portal Current events Recent changes ... Donations Search Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages ... Permanent link This page was last modified 15:51, 25 February 2002. All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License (see for details). About Wikipedia

58. The History Of Computers babbage.gif (15130 bytes), The History of the Computer He designed two computers during his lifetime; the Difference Engine and the Analytical http://www.elanguest.com/reporter/computer.html

The History of the Computer By Daniel Rytterlund Charles Babbage (younger days) Charles Babbage (slightly older) IBM 's Original Building Back in the 'Dark Ages' The first mechanical calculator ever built was constructed by Willhelm Schichard (1592-1633) in Tübingen, Germany, in 1623. Schichard made two copies both entirely in wood. The first one was made for the astronomer Kepler and the second one for himself. None of these machines exist today. A similar, but far more famous calculator was built in 1642 by Blaise Pascal (1623 - 1662). This calculator could do simple calculations, such as addition and subtraction on six digit numbers. The rumour is that Pascal constructed the calculator for his father, who was a tax collector. In the year 1671 Gottfried Leibniz (1646 - 1716) constructed a calculating machine. Not only did this machine include an addition unit, which was identical to Pascal's machine, but it also included an automatic multiplication and division unit. Leibniz's machine was therefore the first calculator which could handle the four rules of arithmetic. Like all other mechanical calculators before the 19th century, it became used only for academic interest. Not until 1820 did Tomas of Comlar construct a mechanical calculator which became a commercial success.

59. TASCHEN Books: Design - All Titles - The Computer. An Illustrated History - Fact Discover the fascinating history of computers, interfaces, and computer design. The Computer. An Illustrated History Wurster, Christian http://www.taschen.com/pages/en/catalogue/books/design/all/facts/02976.htm

Discover the fascinating history of computers, interfaces, and computer design Design - All Titles - The Computer. An Illustrated History - Facts The Computer. An Illustrated History Wurster, Christian Hardcover, 165 x 222 mm (6.5 x 8.7 in.), 336 pages Order now! -Select your country- Austria Belgium Canada Denmark Finland France Germany Iceland Ireland Japan Luxembourg Monaco Norway Portugal Spain Sweden United Kingdom United States Please visit your local bookstore if your country is not listed above. The incredible shrinking computer "Computers in the future may weigh no more than 1.5 tons" Popular Mechanics, forecasting the relentless march of science, 1949 Remember your first computer? No doubt it now seems like a relic from the Flintstone era. From automated punch-card calculators to the first personal computers such as the Apple II and Commodore 64, to today's Sony Vaios and PowerBook G4s, the computer has undergone an amazing, rapid evolution in its brief history. Can you believe the computer's first input device was a light pen used to select a symbol on the screen? And that computer keyboards were preceded by teletypewriters? The progress we've witnessed in our lifetimes is mind-boggling. The struggle for the best interface, the greatest design, and the fastest processor have resulted in computers of a size, power, capability and use that were unfathomable only a few decades ago. Discover the fascinating history of computers, interfaces, and computer design in this illustrated guide that includes pictures of nearly every computer ever made, an informative text describing the computer's evolution up to the present day, and an A-Z index of the most influential computer firms.

60. History Of Computers | Free Term Papers The earliest existence of a modern day computer\ s ancestor was the abacus. These date back to almost 2000 years ago. It is simply a wooden rack holding http://www.oppapers.com/term-papers/29932.html

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