21. Computer History An illustrated history of computers with over 50 rare photos. http://www.computersciencelab.com/ComputerHistory/HistoryPt4.htm

Previous Computer Science Lab An Illustrated History of Computers Part 4 The title of forefather of today's all-electronic digital computers is usually awarded to ENIAC , which stood for Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator. ENIAC was built at the University of Pennsylvania between 1943 and 1945 by two professors, John Mauchly and the 24 year old J. Presper Eckert , who got funding from the war department after promising they could build a machine that would replace all the "computers", meaning the women who were employed calculating the firing tables for the army's artillery guns. The day that Mauchly and Eckert saw the first small piece of ENIAC work, the persons they ran to bring to their lab to show off their progress were some of these female computers (one of whom remarked, "I was astounded that it took all this equipment to multiply 5 by 1000"). ENIAC filled a 20 by 40 foot room, weighed 30 tons, and used more than 18,000 vacuum tubes. Like the Mark I, ENIAC employed paper card readers obtained from IBM (these were a regular product for IBM, as they were a long established part of business accounting machines, IBM's forte). When operating, the ENIAC was silent but you knew it was on as the 18,000 vacuum tubes each generated waste heat like a light bulb and all this heat (174,000 watts of heat) meant that the computer could only be operated in a specially designed room with its own heavy duty air conditioning system. Only the left half of ENIAC is visible in the first picture, the right half was basically a mirror image of what's visible.

22. History Of Computers In Education History, the history of computers, and the history of computers in Education. 1780 Early public schools adopt the teacher/manager model with the teacher http://www.csulb.edu/~murdock/histofcs.html

History, the History of Computers, and the History of Computers in Education - Early public schools adopt the teacher/manager model with the teacher as the primary manger of instruction and assessment in a single classroom. - First vacuum tube-based computers developed; universities help in computer development effort; technology used in war effort. - Little technology used in schools, primarily TV; baby boom begins with resulting increases in class size; first-generation Univac computer delivered to the US census bureau. - General Electric is the first business to order a computer. Early rock and roll music, based on the rhythm and blues tradition, gains a little in popularity. - IBM's first commercial computer is sold; the cold war results in use of technology in aircraft design and in weapons control. Russia developing the technology for the first spacecraft. - Eisenhower elected president; Elvis Presley records "Hound Dog"; school overcrowding growing; school dropout rate rapidly declining toward zero; schools still based on the teacher/manager model in individual teacher-controlled classrooms; the cold war continues with technology playing an important role and is intensified when Russia sends up their Sputnik space vehicle to demonstrate their lead in technology. - As cold war continues, National Defense Education Act brings some new money and some new technology into schools, but primarily in vocational education. Mainframe host computers are not widely accepted in schools that are still using the si ngle classroom, teacher/manager method of delivering information to students.

23. Biblioteca Pública Por Internet: History Of Computers & Internet A History of Apple Computers http//applehistory.com/frames/? This site is intended to provide a broad history of Apple Computers, inc., http://www.ipl.org/div/subject/browse/hum30.03.30/

dqmcodebase = "/javascript/" Subject Collections Business Computers Education ... Social Sciences This collection All of the IPL Advanced Links covering the history and development of computer technology and online access. Recursos en esta categoría: You can also view Magazines Associations on the Net under this heading. A Brief History of Algebra and Computing: An Eclectic Oxonian View http://vmoc.museophile.com/algebra/ A detailed history of algebra and computing that provides many hypertext links to the people and places that were important in its development. The author also includes many good resources to related sites and a list of print references with links where available. CHAC History Pages http://www.chac.org/chac/chhistpg.html This site has a comprehensive listing of articles on computer history and electronic calculator history. The computer history section includes hardware (mainframes, micros, minis, etc.) as well as software. A Chronology of Digital Computing Machines (to 1952) http://www.davros.org/misc/chronology.html "The computer, as we now understand the word, was very much an evolutionary development rather than a simple invention. This article traces the sequence of the most important steps in that development, and in the earlier development of digital calculators without programability." The author also includes a bibliography of books he used in doing his research. Chronology of Personal Computers http://www.islandnet.com/~kpolsson/comphist/

24. History Of Computers/Internet Theme Page The primary focus of the Community Learning Network (CLN) is to help K12 teachers integrate Information Technology into their classrooms. http://www.cln.org/themes/computer_history.html

History of Computers/Internet Theme Page This "Theme Page" has links to two types of resources related to the study of History of Computers/Internet. Students and teachers will find curricular resources (information, content...) to help them learn about this topic. In addition, there are also links to instructional materials (lesson plans) which will help teachers provide instruction in this theme. Please read our [A] Brief History of the Internet A comprehensive document discussing the origins of the Internet through to the commercialization of the technology. Further, the authors provide a small description of what they believe the future Internet may look like. Brief History of UNIX This article is for beginners to UNIX, and explain the history and gives a general introduction to UNIX. Charles Babbage Institute of Computer History The Institute is "dedicated to promoting the study of the history of computing and its impact on society..." They encourage the research and writing in the history of computing through fellowhips and by making resources and information available to scholars, scientists and members of the public. Chronology of Events in the History of Microcomputers A comprehesive listing of events in the history of the microcomputer.

25. The Virtual Museum Of Computing history of computers course material from North Carolina State University, USA. The History of Modern Computers and their Inventors by Mary Bellis. http://vmoc.museophile.com/

Virtual Library Museums Computing Pioneers The Virtual Museum of Computing (VMoC) Now accessible as: vmoc.museophile.org David Wheeler (1927-2004), inventor of the closed subroutine, died on 13 December 2004. Program Verification and Semantics: Further Work , seminar, Science Museum , London, 2 December 2004. This virtual museum includes an eclectic collection of World Wide Web (WWW) hyperlinks connected with the history of computing and on-line computer-based exhibits available both locally and around the world. This museum opened on st June 1995 The museum receives about 200 visitors each day. Please contact Jonathan Bowen if you know of relevant on-line information not included here. Mirror sites are available in Sweden and USA courtesy of ICOM , and also elsewhere , including the UK , if you experience poor access speed. Automatic redirection to a mirror site is available. Selected recent additions and events Edgar (Ted) Codd (1923-2003), inventor of the relational database model, died on 18 April 2003.

26. A Brief History Of Computers And Networks From the early proposals, through World War II, and into the computer age, this history tracks the development of modern computing. http://goldenink.com/computersandnetworks.shtml

A Brief History of Computers and Networks, Part I Webster's Dictionary defines "computer" as any programmable electronic device that can store, retrieve, and process data. The basic idea of computing develops in the 1200's when a Moslem cleric proposes solving problems with a series of written procedures. As early as the 1640's mechanical calculators are manufactured for sale. Records exist of earlier machines, but Blaise Pascal invents the first commercial calculator, a hand powered adding machine. Although attempts to multiply mechanically were made by Gottfried Liebnitz in the 1670s the first true multiplying calculator appears in Germany shortly before the American Revolution. In 1801 a Frenchman, Joseph-Marie Jacquard builds a loom that weaves by reading punched holes stored on small sheets of hardwood. These plates are then inserted into the loom which reads (retrieves) the pattern and creates(process) the weave. Powered by water, this "machine" came 140 years before the development of the modern computer. Ada Lovelace Shortly after the first mass-produced calculator(1820), Charles Babbage begins his lifelong quest for a programmable machine. Although Babbage was a poor communicator and record-keeper, his difference engine is sufficiently developed by 1842 that Ada Lovelace uses it to mechanically translate a short written work. She is generally regarded as the first programmer. Twelve years later George Boole, while professor of Mathematics at Cork University, writes An Investigation of the Laws of Thought(1854), and is generally recognized as the father of computer science.

27. History Of Computers [encyclopedia] history of computers. Kosmoi.com Computer History. The modern electronic digital computer is the result of a long series of developments, which started http://kosmoi.com/Computer/History/

EncycloZine Astronomy Biology Chemistry ... iCon Steve Jobs : The Greatest Second Act in the H... Jeffrey S. Young, William L. Simon The Brand Gap: How to Bridge the Distance Between ... Marty Neumeier Digital Art (World of Art) Christiane Paul How We Got Here : A Slightly Irreverent History of... Andy Kessler The Code Book: The Science of Secrecy from Ancient... Simon Singh Who Says Elephants Can't Dance? Inside IBM's Histo... Louis V. Gerstner Jr. The Usborne Internet-Linked Encyclopedia Of World ... Jane Bingham, Fiona Chandler, Sam Taplin, Giacinto Gaudenzi, Ian Jackson, Jeremy Gower, Nicholas Hewetson, Lorenzo Cecchi, Justine Torode, David Cuzik The Brand Gap : Revised Edition (2nd Edition) Marty Neumeier Direct from Dell: Strategies that Revolutionized a... Michael Dell, Catherine Fredman Apple Confidential 2.0: The Definitive History of ... Owen Linzmayer, Owen W. Linzmayer History of Computers Kosmoi.com Computer History The modern electronic digital computer is the result of a long series of developments, which started some 5000 years ago with the abacus . The first mechanical adding device was developed in 1642 by the French scientist-philosopher, Pascal. His 'arithmetic machine', was followed by the 'stepped reckoner' invented by Leibnitz in 1671, which was capable of also doing multiplication, division, and the evaluation of square roots by a series of stepped additions, not unlike the methods used in modern digital computers.

28. History Of Computers During 1980 To 1990 Listing of major computer history events during the 1980 s to 1990. http://www.computerhope.com/history/198090.htm

Search Other Pages Home Site map Computer help Dictionary ... What's new Tools E-mail this page Print Preview Edit this page B.C. COMPUTER HISTORY History for 1980 - 1990 Year Event IBM hires Paul Allen and Bill Gates to create an operating system for a new PC. The pair buy the rights to a simple operating system manufactured by Seattle Computer Products and use it as a template. IBM allows the two to keep the marketing rights to the operating system, called DOS IBM hires Microsoft to develop versions of BASIC FORTRAN COBOL , and Pascal for the PC being developed by IBM. Microsoft licenses Unix and starts to develop a PC version, XENIX. The programming language FORTRAN 77 is created. The first Tandy Color computer is introduced. AST is founded. FIC is founded. Iomega is established. Quantum is founded.

29. Statistics: Power From Data! History Of Computers The history of computers, and the history of computers in education. 500 BC. Evidence of the abacus, the world s first calculating machine, exists from as http://www.statcan.ca/english/edu/power/ch4/history/computers.htm

Data and computers History of computers The history of computers, and the history of computers in education 500 BC Evidence of the abacus, the world's first calculating machine, exists from as far back as 2,500 years ago in the Tigris-Euphrates Valley. The earliest form of the abacus is a stone or clay tablet that uses pebbles for counting. Grooves are carved into the tablet and pebbles, representing numbers, are placed in these grooves. The pebbles can slide along the grooves from one side of the tablet to the other, thus allowing for easier counting. The abacus also helps ancient peoples perform simple calculations such as addition and subtraction. 1300 AD In 13th century China, the idea was to thread beads or drilled-out pebbles onto string or wires attached to a wooden frame. This becomes the basis for the modern-day abacus. Early 1600s John Napier, the Scottish inventor of logarithms and the decimal point, invents a hand-held device to help with multiplication and division. His device is known as Napier's Rods or Napier's Bones William Oughtred of England invents the Slide Rule . Unlike the slide rules of the future, his is circular in shape.

30. History Of Computers And The World Wide Web Computer History Association of California Computer History and Emulation Page History of Computing Apple Computer. The Apple Corporate Timeline http://www.anselm.edu/homepage/jpitocch/rescomphist.html

History of Computers and the World Wide Web History of Computing - All Carl Friend's Minicomputer Museum Computer History Association of California Computer History and Emulation Page Computer History Web Sites ... Triumph of the Nerds - Millionaires of the Silicon Valley History of Computing - Apple Computer The Apple Corporate Timeline The History of Apple Computer Universtiy of Virginia - Computer Science Museum History of the World Wide Web History of the Internet and WWW: View from the Internet Valley Hobbes' Internet Timeline NetHistory

31. The History Of Computing Project history of computing, computerhistory, history of computers. Timeline of the main events in the history of computing. History of Video games http://www.thocp.net/

Join us - Learn how Go To Timeline Biographies Companies Hardware Reference THOCP Shop Biographies of computer pioneers and inventors Hardware developments that made an impact on the development of computers the History of Computing Project Companies that created most of the mile stones in the computing industry Software that set a trend in the development of computing Timeline of the main events in the history of computing History of Video games mail us last update: 12 September, 2005 search this site SiteMap Sponsors (click to see) RoInfo - A fresh look at your ITC infrastructure Mortgage Loans Ugg Boots Juicy Couture What happened in your Year of Birth? Our Partners Computermuseum (Dutch) Historia Komputera (Poland) Kiev Computermuseum PCMuseo (Mexico) The Core Memory (Latvia) Do you want to support this Project? Become a Friend of the Foundation

32. The Telson Spur: Field Nodes -- Tools (9): Computers & Computer Science (cont.) history of computers History of the Internet The Year 2000 Problem Perspectives of the Smithsonian Smithsonian Computer History Pierce Computer http://www.snark.org/~pjhughes/cs2.htm

Contents Jump Search Gopher ... Index Tools The Way of the Machine DESCRIPTION : The last of nine pages on Tools (one of the Field Nodes comprising the subject tree of The Telson Spur ), this page is a list of links to on-line resources in the history of computing (including internet history). The coordinate pages, with a common header and List of Contents , contain links to resources in the study of technology (seven pages), and to resources in the study of computers and computer science (including artificial intelligence and robotics, quantum information and quantum computation). KEYWORDS : history of computing; internet history; Y2K List of Contents Technology Technology Education Engineering and Applied Science Food and Natural Resources Wildlife Biodiversity and Conservation Materials and Processes Pollution and Waste Management Energy and Power Transportation Communication and Information Microscopy and Nanotechnology Biotechnology and Genomics Bioethics and Science Policy History of Medicine and Technology Technological Change and Development Computers and Computer Science AI and Robotics Advanced Computing and Supercomputing Molecular Computation and Nanocomputing Quantum Information and Computation History of Computers History of the Internet The Year 2000 Problem Media Software PCs Net ... Space Computers and Computing (cont.)

33. History Of Computers And Computing history of computers and Computing. 1. Module Code Number G5AHOC. 2. Title of Module history of computers and Computing. 3. Number of Credits 10 http://www.cs.nott.ac.uk/Modules/0405/G5AHOC.html

History of Computers and Computing 1. Module Code Number: 2. Title of Module: History of Computers and Computing 3. Number of Credits: 4. Level: A 5. Status: 6. Semester in which module is taught and Assessment Period: Autumn 7. Session Availability: 8. Pre-requisites for admission to the module (if any): None. 9. Co-requisites for the module (if any): None. 10. Expected Number of Students taking module: 11. Rationale for Cap: 12. Target Group: First- or second-year Single Honours or Joint Honours Computer Science students; no restriction on student numbers. 13. Availablity to Exchange Students: 14. Summary of Content: The module includes materials on seven main topic areas: number, character and date representations, including the ongoing problems arising from historical representations; computing devices, including Babbage's Difference Engine and Analytical Engine, and experimental machines up to the 1950s; programming languages, tracing the motivation and development of assembler and higher-level programming languages the Undecidability problem, where the influence of Alan Turing on the development of computing theory is investigated, including Turing machines and the halting problem

34. G5AHOC - History Of Computers & Computing - Lectures The module aims to provide a broad overview of the history of computers and computing. It will trace the history of computing devices and technologies, http://www.cs.nott.ac.uk/~tpp/G5AHOC/lectures.html

Home Lectures Assessment There will be two lectures per week, Mondays at 4.00pm and Fridays at 5.00pm, both in LT1 in the Central Teaching Facility. Lectures will be supported by videos and occasional demonstrations. The main topics to be covered are: Lecture 1 - Introduction The module aims to provide a broad overview of the history of computers and computing. It will trace the history of computing devices and technologies, note major theoretical developments and identify some of the key people involved. This lecture sets the scene and gives potential students an idea of what to expect. Lecture Notes (PDF) Lecture 2 - Babbage and Before In this part of the module we examine the background to, theory underlying, design and development and successes and failures of Charles Babbage’s Difference and Analytical Engines. The first lecture covers early computing devices, Babbage's motivation and the first Difference Engine. There is a huge amount of material on Babbage available on the web and in printed form, the construction of a working Difference Engine at the Science Museum to celebrate Babbage's centenary (and see if it really was technological limitations that prevented his machines from being realised in the mid-nineteenth century) has raised Babbage's profile considerably in the last decade. Some sites you might like to look at are: JavaSlide - the WWW's very first Java Slide Rule The Virtual Museum of Computing The Analytical Engine is another good site with some downloadable simulation software

35. MacKiDo/History/brief_history A BRIEF history of computers A History of Microcomputers, My history starts with the Personal Computer kit computers need not apply. http://www.mackido.com/History/brief_history.html

Advocacy Myths Press Dojo (HowTo) General Hack Hardware Interface ... Software Reference Standards People Quotes Markets Web Museum CodeNames Easter Eggs History Innovation ... Sightings News Opinion Other Martial Arts Politics Thought A BRIEF HISTORY OF COMPUTERS A History of Microcomputers, Bill Gates (MS) and Apple By: David K. Every Pre-History There was some interesting stuff done before the first computer. Intel created the 4004 processor - a 4 bit microprocessor that had more use in programmable calculators than anything close to what we would call a computer today, but you've gotta start somewhere. The claim to fame for the 4004 (besides being the predecessor to the 8008, 8080, and later 8088 all the way up to the Pentiums of today) was Intels first bug (they have a long history of bugs), that caused the machine to burn up I don't mean just run so hot that you need special coolers and fans, like most Intel chips I mean literally burn itself out Computers have instruction sets values you send the computer to command it to do different things (do math, jump somewhere, do some conditional tests, etc.), and there are lots of possibilities. These values (instructions) are called machine code and are just groups of bits (zero's and one's) making larger numbers - usually represented in a different counting system called hexadecimal (base16)

36. History Of Computers The History in Computer Science is a major topic. Many people have come and gone Thank You for your time at the supreme website of Computer History. http://techcenter.davidson.k12.nc.us/fall022/INDEX2.HTM

Development Inventors Five Generations Machines ... Data "The Best Past and Present Information" History Links Computer Museum DCS Techcenter Vintage Festival Digital Century ... Softlord Short Info Did You Know? Corey's Bio Andy's Bio Chad's Bio Bibliography Timeline 1936-1973 Welcome The History in Computer Science is a major topic. Many people have come and gone that have set a standard for todays modern environment. Most of these people have never been heard of. Here you will find information about the people and the machines. This is the best source for your past and present information. Thank You for your time at the supreme website of Computer History. Computers Develoment Inventors Five Generations Machines ... Data

37. Computer History history of computers Internet. history of computers Internet. In 1937 Alan Turing s Turing machine pioneered the idea of machines that could http://www.buzzle.com/chapters/computers-and-the-internet_history-and-the-human-

Home Web Directory What's the Buzz? Escape Hatch ... Free Email Friday, September 16, 2005 9:53:41 PM DIRECTORY Computer History Atanasoff Berry Computer Computer Museums ... Whirlwind I Chapter Quicklink What's the Buzz Escape Hatch: Open Mic Computer History In 1937 Alan Turing's Turing machine pioneered the idea of machines that could complete well-defined tasks by being supplied with programs. In 1938, Konrad Zuse built the first binary digital relay computer. In 1943 saw the first general-purpose digital computer, ENIAC. In 1948 the Manchester Baby became the first stored program computer. In 1955 MIT built the first real-time processing machine. In 1956, IBM created the disk memory system. The next year brought the integrated circuit chip. In 1959 IBM introduced the first desktop machines, which led in 1965 to Digital Equipment Corporation's introduction of the first real microcomputer. The links included herein relate to computer history and the human experience. History of Computers History and information about computers. The first electronic digital computer was called "ENIAC" built in 1945... Computer History: Impressive Developments Through Re-invention, Research, and Innovation

38. History Of Computers History and information about computers. The first electronic digital computer was called ENIAC built in 1945 in Philadelphia. It used so much electricity http://www.buzzle.com/editorials/9-25-2004-59721.asp

Home Web Directory What's the Buzz? Escape Hatch ... Free Email Friday, September 16, 2005 9:53:41 PM DIRECTORY Computer History Computer Industry Computer Uses ... World Wide Web Chapter Quicklink What's the Buzz Escape Hatch: Open Mic History of Computers History and information about computers. The first electronic digital computer was called "ENIAC" built in 1945 in Philadelphia. It used so much electricity that lights in the nearby town dimmed every time it was used! By Yolanda Boyle, 9/27/2004 The first electronic digital computer was called "ENIAC" built in 1945 in Philadelphia. It used so much electricity that lights in the nearby town dimmed every time it was used! What a long way we have come in a half-century, with personal computers in homes, offices, and schoolrooms across the world. After the arrival of the microprocessor, many different computer companies appeared and began developing their own microprocessors and microcomputers. Companies such as Apple, Compaq, and Commodore started during this period of confusion. At the conclusion of the timeline is the first home personal computer or PC, by IBM in 1981. Computers began to steadily and rapidly increase in speed and power while becoming more compact and more user friendly from the early 1980's on. The progress, however came in many small steps, rather than fewer major events like earlier years.

39. History Of Computers Extensive guides to speeding up your PC, solving your PC problems, tutorials on VB, C++, Photoshop, Flash as well as classic Flash and Java games. http://www.cyberiapc.com/cmphistory.htm

The Abacus Blaise Pascal's calculating machine The Reckoning Machine developed by Baron von Leibnitz Charles Babbage Herman Hollerith: Founder of IBM (Use of Punched cards George Stibitz built a digital calculator that displayed the result of the addition of two bits Atanasoff and Berry designed the first digital computer. The Atanasoff Berry Computer Konrad Zuse developed the first fully functional, automatic, programmable, general purpose, digital computer called Howard Aiken and Grace Hopper developed the MARK I , a electro-mechanical computer, used by the US Navy for serious calculations. J. Presper Eckert and John W. Mauchly complete the ENIAC The first RAM is used John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and Wiliam Shockley invented the transistor John v. Neumann drafted a report on a stored-program computer (Neumann computer). This led to the construction of the EDVAC Jack S. Kilby developed the first

40. History Of Computers Books And Articles - Research History Of history of computers Scholarly books and articles on history of computers at Questia, world s largest online library and research service. http://www.questia.com/library/science-and-technology/history-and-philosophy-of-

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