101. Calculus And Probability Online course by Stefan Waner and Steven R. Costenoble http://people.hofstra.edu/faculty/Stefan_Waner/cprob/cprobintro.html

Calculus Applied to Probability and Statistics for Liberal Arts and Business Majors A Complete Text Resource on the World Wide Web by Stefan Waner and Steven R. Costenoble Table of Contents 1. Continuous Random Variables and Histograms Exercises 2. Probability Density Functions: Uniform, Exponential, Normal, and Beta Exercises 3. Mean, Median, Variance and Standard Deviation Exercises 4. You're the Expert Creating a Family Trust Back to Main Page Introduction Y ou are a financial planning consultant at a neighborhood bank. A 22-year-old client asks you the following question: "I would like to set up my own insurance policy by opening a trust account into which I can make monthly payments starting now, so that upon my death or my ninety-fifth birthday - whichever comes sooner - the trust can be expected to be worth $500,000. How much should I invest each month?" Assuming a 5% rate of return on investments, how should you respond? To answer the question on the previous page, we must know something about the probability of the client's dying at various ages. There are so many possible ages to consider (particularly since we should consider the possibilities month by month) that it would be easier to treat his age at death as a continuous variable, one that can take on any real value (between 22 and 95 in this case). The mathematics needed to do probability and statistics with continuous variables is calculus. The material on statistics in this resource will be readily accessible to you if you are familar with derivatives and integrals (through Chapter 6 of

102. Advanced Calculus And Analysis MA1002 Lecture notes from the University of Aberdeen for a first course in Analysis. http://www.maths.abdn.ac.uk/~igc/tch/ma2001/notes/notes.html

Next: Foreword Up: MA2001 Home Page Contents Index Advanced Calculus and Analysis Ian Craw Foreword These Notes Acknowledgements Contents ... The probability integral e d x The number e is irrational Differentiation of Functions of Several Variables Functions of Several Variables Graphing functions of Several Variables Continuity ... About this document ... Ian Craw 2002-01-07

103. Page Of Yves Lafont University of Marseille II Linear logic, lambda calculus, proof theory, term rewriting. Lafont invented the theory of interaction nets, an elegant theory of graph rewriting. http://iml.univ-mrs.fr/~lafont/welcome.html

photo by M. Arovas Yves LAFONT professor at Aix-Marseille 2 research at Equipe de Logique de la Programmation teaching at Maths department adress: office: - phone: - fax: - e-mail: lafont@iml.univ-mrs.fr Discipline maths Specialities logic algebra theoretical computer science Papers

104. MathPages: Calculus And Differential Equations Kevin Brown's compilation of postings including many topics in differential equations. http://www.mathpages.com/home/icalculu.htm

Calculus and Differential Equations The Laplace Equation and Harmonic Functions Curvature, Intrinsic and Extrinsic Radial Paths in Schwarzschild Spacetime Analytic Functions, The Magnus Effect, and Wings ... Math Pages Main Menu

105. The Epsilon Calculus Discussion of David Hilbert's development of this type of logical formalism with emphasis on prooftheoretic methods. http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/epsilon-calculus/

version history HOW TO CITE THIS ENTRY Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy A ... Z This document uses XHTML/Unicode to format the display. If you think special symbols are not displaying correctly, see our guide Displaying Special Characters last substantive content change MAY The Encyclopedia Now Needs Your Support Please Read How You Can Help Keep the Encyclopedia Free The Epsilon Calculus The epsilon calculus is a logical formalism developed by David Hilbert in the service of his program in the foundations of mathematics. The epsilon operator is a term-forming operator which replaces quantifiers in ordinary predicate logic. Specifically, in the calculus, a term x A denotes some x satisfying A x ), if there is one. In Hilbert's Program, the epsilon terms play the role of ideal elements; the aim of Hilbert's finitistic consistency proofs is to give a procedure which removes such terms from a formal proof. The procedures by which this is to be carried out are based on Hilbert's epsilon substitution method. The epsilon calculus, however, has applications in other contexts as well. The first general application of the epsilon calculus was in Hilbert's epsilon theorems, which in turn provide the basis for the first correct proof of Herbrand's theorem. More recently, variants of the epsilon operator have been applied in linguistics and linguistic philosophy to deal with anaphoric pronouns. Overview The Epsilon Calculus The Epsilon Theorems Herbrand's Theorem ... Epsilon Operators in Linguistics, Philosophy, and Non-classical Logics

106. A Calculus Of Risk Article by Gary Stix. http://www.ge.infm.it/~ecph/bibliography/stix98.html

A Calculus of Risk Financial engineering can lessen exposure to the perils of running a multibillion-dollar business or a small household. But mathematical models used by this discipline may present a new set of hazards by Gary Stix, staff writer SUBTOPICS: Einstein and Options Physicists on Wall Street Physics Versus Finance Financial Hydrogen Bombs Weather derivatives mark an example of the growing reach of a discipline called financial engineering. This bailiwick of high-speed computing and the intricate mathematical modeling of mathematicians, physicists and economists can help mitigate the vagaries of running a global business. It entails the custom packaging of securities to provide price insurance against a drop in either the yen or the thermometer. The uncertainties of a market crash or the next monsoon can be priced, divided into marketable chunks and sold to someone who is willing to bear that riskin exchange for a fee or a future stream of payments. "The technology will effectively allow you to completely manage the risks of an entire organization," says Robert A. Jarrow, a professor of finance at Cornell University. The engineering of financial instruments has emerged in response to turbulence during recent decades in ever more interconnected world markets: a result of floating exchange rates, oil crises, interest-rate shocks and stock-market collapses. The creative unleashing of new products continues with increasingly sophisticated forms of securities and derivativesoptions, futures and other contracts derived from an underlying asset, financial index, interest or currency exchange rate. New derivatives will help electric utilities protect against price and capacity swings in newly deregulated markets. Credit derivatives let banks pass off to other parties the risk of default on a loan. Securities that would help a business cope with the year 2000 bug have even been contemplated.

107. Free Math Help - Math Homework Help Provides games, activities, lessons, calculators for students studying algebra, geometry, calculus, or trigonometry including a daily problem. http://www.freemathhelp.com/

Message Board Status: 7608 posts 5413 users take me there! about contact help ... Math Lessons (click subject to expand menu) Algebra Lessons Absolute Value Addition and Subtraction of Rational Functions Asymptotes Combining Like Terms ... Using FOIL Geometry Lessons Area Circles Graphing Lines Graphing Rational Functions ... Slope of a Line Calculus Lessons Derivative of a Polynomial How to Determine Critical Points Sports Lessons Batting Average Calculating Earned Run Average in Baseball Other Lessons Algebra of Events Other Features: Algebra Formulas Algebra Tutoring Ask an Expert Calculator Buying Guide ... Study Tips Free Math Help News: Welcome to the brand new Free Math Help .com! Please take a look at our collection of math lessons , or ask a question on our math message board . Otherwise, please take a look around and let me know if you have any suggestions about the new layout! -Ted Current Discussions: Problem of the Day: John goes to his local store and buys a six-pack of Coke for $3.99. He also buys a bag of chips for $.99 and a candy bar for $.75. If local sales tax is 4%, how much tax will he pay total? Give your answer in cents and round to the nearest whole cent (for example, give 77 instead of $.77).

108. Riemannian Geometry And Tensor Calculus @ Mathematica Free Mathematica package for explicit tensor calculations in Riemannian Geometry. http://www.inp.demokritos.gr/~sbonano/RGTC/

Description This package introduces definitions for tensor calculations in Riemannian Geometry. To begin a calculation the user must specify a Riemannian space by giving: (1) a list of coordinates, (2) a symmetric matrix of functions of the coordinates (= metric tensor) and (3) a list of simplification rules (optional). The main routine in the package then computes explicit expressions for all common Riemannian Geometry tensors (Riemann, Ricci, Einstein, Weyl) and tests if the space belongs to any of the following categories: Flat Conformally Flat Ricci Flat Einstein Space or Space of Constant Curvature . Each tensor is stored as a nested list under an appropriate global name. The following functions for operating on these tensors are defined: Raise/Lower indices, Contract (multiple) indices, Covariant Differentiation and Covariant Divergence. These functions, together with the built-in functions Outer (giving tensor products) and Transpose (index rearrangement) provide the necessary tools for performing all common tensor operations on the computer. Several examples of the use of these functions on tensors computed using different metrics are given. Beginning with version 2.5, tensor components can be calculated with respect to an arbitrary frame, and approximate calculations (series expansions) can be carried out. Version 2.7.8 significantly improves these capabilities.

109. The Coq Proof Assistant Allows the user to handle calculus assertions, to check mechanically proofs of these assertions, helps to find formal proofs, extracts a certified program from the constructive proof of its formal specification. http://coq.inria.fr/

110. Index The 2001 LMS Lectures by Thomas Goodwillie. University of Aberdeen, Scotland; 1823 June 2001. http://maths.abdn.ac.uk/~lmslec/

LONDON MATHEMATICAL SOCIETY INVITED LECTURE SERIES Calculus of Functors THOMAS GOODWILLIE 18 - 23 JUNE 2001 Research Centre in Topology and Related Areas Department of Mathematical Sciences University of Aberdeen The 2001 LMS Lectures will be given in Aberdeen. This series is held annually: a single speaker gives a course of about 10 expository lectures, examining an important topic in depth, over a five day period. In the 2001 program in Aberdeen there will be two lectures every morning. An associated afternoon programme will be arranged by G. Arone and M. Weiss. The lecture notes will be published in one of the LMS venues. All mathematicians interested in the topic are welcome to attend the lectures. Limited funds are available to support participants. Priority for financial support will be given to research students and mathematicians who would benefit from attending the lectures, but who would otherwise be prevented from attending by financial constraints. For details on financial support and an application form, please see the link below. Interested participants are also encouraged to attend the International Conference in Algebraic Topology which will take place on the Isle of Skye , the week after this lecture series (June 24 - 30 2001). The theme of the conference is Categorical Decomposition Techniques, in which calculus of functors play an important role. The organizers will attempt to reduce registration fees for those who plan to attend both meetings. Details will appear at a later date. The lecture series registration fee will be waived for doctoral students.

111. Perl Contains The Lambda-Calculus Explains why this computer program is well suited to apply to functional application. http://perl.plover.com/lambda/

Perl contains the -calculus -Calculus (pronounced `lambda calculus') is a model of computation invented by Alonzo Church in 1934. It's analogous to Turing machines, but it's both simpler and more practical. Where the Turing machine is something like a model of assembly language, the -calculus is a model of function application. Like Turing machines, it defines a simplified programming language that you can write real programs in. Writing Turing machine programs is like writing in assembly language, but writing -calculus programs is more like writing in a higher-level language, because it has functions. The two legal operations in the -calculus are to construct a function of one argument with a specified body, and to invoke one of these functions on an argument. What can be in the body of the function? Any legal expression, but expressions are limited to variables, function constructions, and function invocations. What can the argument be? It has to be another function; functions are all you have. With this tiny amount of machinery, we can construct a programming language that can express any computation that any other language can express. Unlike most popular programming languages, Perl is powerful enough to express the

112. Calculus Of Origami Site This site is about Math and Origami, it defines a notation for folds, based on points and edges, and some links for papers on math and origami http://community.corest.com/~gera/origami/

Planet J Laboratories Presents... T HE C ALCULUS OF O RIGAMI Originally developed by Josh Knowles and Sean Owen at PJLabs, Austin, Texas. Now hosted by gera at Core's Community site Spanish Language Version also available, as translated by Gerardo Richarte (outdated). Sorry, folks, there are no instructions on how to fold paper cups or kabuto helmets here. These pages instead focus on the mathematics involved with paperfolding (as the title may imply). C ONTAINED W ITHIN: THE I NTRODUCTION N ... EWS Last Updated: May 1, 2001 THE R ULES Definitions ... EFERENCES

113. Calculus - Køb Din Lommeregner Billigt. Salg af lommeregnere fra Texas Instruments og HewlettPackard prim¦rt til studerende. http://www.calculus.dk/

Manual TI-83 Plus Papirudgave af den manual der medfølger på CD-rommen. TI-106 En simpel og solid regnemaskine med 4 funktioner som er ideel til brug i folkeskolen. TI-15 En brugervenlig, solid regnemaskine med 4 funktioner til folkeskolen. TI-30X IIB Den nye videnskabelige regnemaskine med 2-linjet display kombinerer statistik og avancerede videnskabelige funktioner. TI-30X IIS Den nye videnskabelige regnemaskine med 2-linjet display kombinerer statistik og avancerede videnskabelige funktioner. TI-36X-II Avanceret regnemaskine med 2-linjers display til professionelle og elever, der kræver et stort udvalg af regnefunktioner. TI-Voyage-200 Den nye CAS regnemaskine med 3D graftegning og komplet geometripakke. TI-GRAPHLINK - SERIEL Forbind din computer med din lommeregner TI - GRAPHLINK - USB Forbind din computer med din lommeregner via USB. TI-84 PLUS TI-84 Plus er en kraftigere udgave af TI-83 Plus og er en stor hjælp til at opnå gode resultater i matematik TI-89 TITANIUM Den kraftige CAS (Computer Algebra System) regnemaskine til gymnasium og højere læreanstalter. TI-84 PLUS SILVER EDITION TI-84 Plus Silver Edition, TI's kraftigste lommeregner til gymnasiet og hf og er kompatibel med TI-83 Plus

114. Geometric Calculus Research And Development Includes a brief introduction, articles and book chapters on the subject, as well as references to further information. http://modelingnts.la.asu.edu/GC_R&D.html

115. Anite Calculus Offers intercompany billing and retail solutions for competitive OLOs and resellers. Includes support forum and contact details. http://www.anitecalculus.com/

116. Non-Newtonian Calculus Includes discussions of general theory and heuristic guides for application. http://www.geocities.com/nonnewtoniancalculus/

Non-Newtonian Calculus NON-NEWTONIAN CALCULUS A Brief Account: The non-Newtonian calculi were created in the period from 1967 to 1970 by Michael Grossman and Robert Katz. These calculi provide a wide variety of mathematical tools for use in science, engineering, and mathematics. They appear to have considerable potential for use as alternatives to the classical calculus of Newton and Leibniz. The first publication on non-Newtonian calculus was Grossman and Katz’s book "Non-Newtonian Calculus” (QA303.G88). It includes discussions of nine specific non-Newtonian calculi, the general theory of non-Newtonian calculus, and heuristic guides for application. The first non-Newtonian calculus is the topic of Grossman’s book "The First Nonlinear System of Differential and Integral Calculus" (QA303.G878). In that calculus the exponential functions play the role that the linear functions play in the classical calculus. A non-Newtonian calculus in which the power functions play that role is presented in Grossman’s book "Bigeometric Calculus: A System with a Scale-Free Derivative” (QA306.G84). Each non-Newtonian calculus, as well as the classical calculus, can be ‘weighted’ in a manner explained in the book "The First Systems of Weighted Differential and Integral Calculus” (QA303.G876) by Jane Grossman, Michael Grossman, and Robert Katz. Natural outgrowths of the systems of weighted calculus are the systems of meta-calculus, which are described in Jane Grossman's book "Meta-Calculus: Differential and Integral” (QA303.G877).

117. Talk Math - Active Math Forum A discussion forum for students and teachers. Topics discussed include Algebra, College Algebra, calculus, Trigonometry, Geometry. http://www.talkmath.com/

Talk Math - active math forum Talk math is a dicussion forum for math students and teachers. Discuss Algebra, College Algebra, Calculus, Trigonometry, Geometry and many other topics. You can even get help with your homework! Monday, May 31, 2004 Numerical linear algebra technique to arrive at faster pagerank technology than Google's Google page rank technology changed the way the world searched the internet. Well, change is constant, we are close to seeing a better technology (or if we call it a emerging technique for now) coming up. Researchers at Stanford University have developed techniques fr computing Google-style web rankings up to five times faster; As a result of this speed-up it may make 'Topic-sensitive' page rankings feasible. According to NSF ( National Science Foundation) article: To speed up PageRank, the Stanford team developed a trio of techniques in numerical linear algebra. First, in the WWW2003 paper, they describe so-called "extrapolation" methods, which make some assumptions about the Web's link structure that aren't true, but permit a quick and easy computation of PageRank. Because the assumptions aren't true, the PageRank isn't exactly correct, but it's close and can be refined using the original PageRank algorithm. The Stanford researchers have shown that their extrapolation techniques can speed up PageRank by 50 percent in realistic conditions and by up to 300 percent under less realistic conditions. The research team at Stanford includes graduate students Sepandar Kamvar and Taher Haveliwala, noted numerical analyst Gene Golub and computer science professor Christopher Manning.

118. Statistical Laboratory: J. R. Norris Research interests Topics in probability and analysis, including stochastic differential equations, Malliavin calculus, analysis of heat kernels, homogenization, Brownian motion and Brownian sheet, stochastic differential geometry, models of coagulation and coalescence. http://www.statslab.cam.ac.uk/Dept/People/norris.html

University of Cambridge Mathematics Statistical Laboratory People / J. R. Norris Dr James Norris Email address : J.R.Norris@statslab.cam.ac.uk Research interests : Topics in probability and analysis, including stochastic differential equations, Malliavin calculus, analysis of heat kernels, homogenization, Brownian motion and Brownian sheet, stochastic differential geometry, models of coagulation and coalescence. Let me describe in a little more detail my interest in coagulation. In diverse contexts one is led to consider a large system of particles (bubbles, droplets, stars, molecules...) which, over time, stick together to form larger particles. This can be modelled as a Markov random process. The challenge is to discover the possible sorts of behaviour of these systems: is there a non-random approximation giving the evolving concentrations of particles of various masses, do most of the particles eventually (or instantaneously) stick together, do spatial fluctuations matter, does the mass distribution, suitably renormalised, converge in long time? These are questions of interest to scientists in many fields but a rigorous mathematical theory has only partly emerged. Techniques relevant to the analysis of these processes are martingales, weak convergence, coupling of processes and plenty of careful estimates. Further details can be found on my Personal Home Page Or go to Statistical Laboratory Members University of Cambridge Mathematics Statistical Laboratory ... People / J. R. Norris

119. DI & CoS - Modal Logic Several normal propositional modal logics are systematically presented in the calculus of structures and cut elimination is proved. By Alessio Guglielmi. http://alessio.guglielmi.name/res/cos/ML/

Alessio Guglielmi's Research Deep Inference and the Calculus of Structures / Modal Logic Deep Inference and the Calculus of Structures Modal Logic We can present systematically several normal propositional modal logics, including S5, for which cut elimination is proved. We also investigated geometric theories, some of which we expressed in the calculus of structures. A Systematic Proof Theory for Several Modal Logics Charles Stewart and Phiniki Stouppa The family of normal propositional modal logic systems is given a very systematic organisation by their model theory. This model theory is generally given using frame semantics, and it is systematic in the sense that for the most important systems we have a clean, exact correspondence between their constitutive axioms as they are usually given in a Hilbert-Lewis style and conditions on the accessibility relation on frames. By contrast, the usual structural proof theory of modal logic, as given in Gentzen systems, is ad-hoc. While we can formulate several modal logics in the sequent calculus that enjoy cut-elimination, their formalisation arises through system-by-system fine tuning to ensure that the cut-elimination holds, and the correspondence to the formulation in the Hilbert-Lewis systems becomes opaque. This paper introduces a systematic presentation for the systems K, D, M, S4, and S5 in the calculus of structures, a structural proof theory that employs

120. Calculus On The Web An internet tutoring utility for learning and practicing calculus. C.O.W. gives the student or interested user the opportunity to learn and practice problems. Instant feedback for the correctness of answers. http://www.math.temple.edu/~cow/

Welcome to Calculus on the Web The COW Library Click on a button below to open a book General information desk. Contents of the COW library If you wish to log in for a recorded session, click on the Login button. Login help. Calculus on the Web is partially supported by the National Science Foundation COW is a project of Gerardo Mendoza and Dan Reich Temple University

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