1. Basic Calculus Basic Calculus From Archimedes to Newton, 2001, and Basic Calculus Differential and Integral Calculus and Science, 2002. http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

2. Calculus History References CB Boyer, The History of the Calculus and Its Conceptual Development (New A Rosenthal, The history of calculus, The American Mathematical Monthly 58 http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/HistTopics/Printref/The_rise_of_calc

References for: A history of the calculus K Andersen, Precalculus, 1635-1665, in I Grattan-Guinness (ed.), Companion Encyclopedia of the History and Philosophy of the Mathematical Sciences (London, 1994), 292-307. R T W Arthur, Newton's fluxions and equably flowing time, Stud. Hist. Philos. Sci. M E Baron, The origins of the infinitesimal calculus (New York, 1987). Rev. Histoire Sci. C B Boyer, The History of the Calculus and Its Conceptual Development (New York, 1959). W Breidert, Berkeleys Kritik an der Infinitesimalrechnung, in 300 Jahre 'Nova methodus' von G W Leibniz (1684-1984) (Wiesbaden, 1986), 185-191. C H Edwards, The Historical Development of the Calculus (New York, 1979). J O Fleckenstein, The line of descent of the infinitesimal calculus in the history of ideas, Arch. Internat. Hist. Sci. (N.S.) E Giusti, A comparison of infinitesimal calculus in Leibniz and Newton (Italian), Rend. Sem. Mat. Univ. Politec. Torino N Guicciardini, Three traditions in the calculus : Newton, Leibniz and Lagrange, in I Grattan-Guinness (ed.), Companion Encyclopedia of the History and Philosophy of the Mathematical Sciences (London, 1994), 308-317.

3. History Of Calculus THE history of calculus (Summary) The beginnings of integration can be recognised in the work of the ancient Greeks (Euclid, Archimedes ) in http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

4. A Brief History Of Calculus Timeline of calculus. A brief history of calculus. By Donald Lancon Jr The History of the Calculus and Its Conceptual Development Carl D. Boyer (Dover http://www.meta-religion.com/Mathematics/Articles/timeline_of_calculus.htm

to promote a multidisciplinary view of the religious, spiritual and esoteric phenomena. About Us Links Search Contact ... Science home Religion sections World Religions New Religious Groups Ancient Religions Spirituality ... Extremism Science sections Archaeology Astronomy Linguistics Mathematics ... Contact The Web Metareligion More sections: Subscribe to the Metareligion Newsletter Photography Submit your site Suggest an article ... Polls Please, help us sustain this free site online. Make a donation using Paypal: Timeline of calculus A brief history of calculus By Donald Lancon Jr From: http://www.obkb.com/dcljr/mathemat.html Ancient notions c.360 B.C. Pre-calculus Johannes Kepler uses infinitesimals to calculate volumes of revolution in New Measurement of the Volume of Wine Casks John Wallis studies infinite series in Arithmetic of Infinitesimals Early calculus James Gregory includes a geometrical version of the fundamental theorem of calculus in Geometrical Exercises and the Universal Part of Geometry Newton includes his method for finding areas under curves in his On the Analysis of Equations Unlimited in the Number of Their Terms Gottfried Leibniz introduces the modern notation for integration and the notation dx/dy Newton writes two letters to Leibniz, hinting at his work with infinite series and fluxions (his form of calculus); also this year, Leibniz discovers how to differentiate any fractional power of

5. Calculus.org Directory of calculus links for tutorials, homework help, history sample tests, and tips on exam preparation. http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

6. Why Study Calculus? A Brief History Of Math Why Do We Study Calculus? or, a brief look at some of the history of mathematics an essay by Eric Schechter version of September 10, 1999 http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

7. The History Of Calculus The history of calculus Development of Calculus. http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

8. History Of Calculus Highlights in the history of calculus. The Calculus is a phrase we use to denote that branch of mathematics which studies properties of functions http://www.southwestern.edu/~sawyerc/cal1/history_of_calculus.htm

This originally came from http://www.mnsfld.edu/~rwalker/Calculus.html. Highlights in the History of Calculus "The Calculus" is a phrase we use to denote that branch of mathematics which studies properties of functions ("curves") which are associated with the limit process (continuity, differentiation, integration). Calculus is the introductory level of a more general branch of mathematics which is called "analysis". Analysis deals generally with infinite processes and includes such areas as real analysis, complex analysis, and differential equations. Kline calls the calculus one of the two greatest creations in the history of mathematics. Before the Seventeenth Century Calculus was a product of the 17th century, from the heart of the period known as The Scientific Revolution. With hindsight we can identify earlier achievements as anticipations of the calculus. Most of these have to do with integral calculus. The only early anticipation of differential calculus was Archimedes' method of finding the tangent to his spiral, which seems to be the only tangency problem from antiquity other than the comparatively easy one of finding the tangent to a circle. It is one of the curiosities of mathematics that historically integration precedes differentiation but that in modern courses in calculus this is reversed. Among the foreshadowings of integration are Zeno's Paradoxes (5th century BC), which discuss the possibility of infinitely small subdivisions of time and space. Of greatest importance is Eudoxus' Method of Exhaustion (4th century BC) which was applied with great ingenuity by Archimedes (3rd century BC) to find the area of a parabolic segment and the surface area and volume of a sphere. It is easy to see that the Method of Exhaustion is an early, geometric form of integration. Some writers identify Eudoxus as the inventor of integral calculus. Also important is Archimedes' "Method", discovered only recently (1906), in which he used the concept of elements of a figure (lines made up of points, areas made up of lines, solids made up of planes) to discover important results. It is possible that the calculus might have been discovered earlier if this work of Archimedes had been more widely known.

9. Calculus White Pages. World News. United States. History Gov't. Biography. Sports. Arts Ent. Business Calculus reform catching the wave? http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

10. I Love Calculus Mr. Calculus. The rise of calculus For the history buffs among us www.calculus.net. AP Calculus on the Web from Sandy Ray http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

11. History Of Calculus - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia See also History of mathematics. Though the origins of calculus are generally regarded as going no farther back than to the ancient Greeks, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_calculus

History of calculus From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. See also History of mathematics Though the origins of calculus are generally regarded as going no farther back than to the ancient Greeks , there is evidence that the ancient Egyptians may have harbored such knowledge amongst themselves as well (see Moscow and Rhind Mathematical Papyri Eudoxus is generally credited with the method of exhaustion , which made it possible to compute the area and volume of regions and solids. Archimedes developed this method further, while also inventing heuristic methods which resemble modern day concepts somewhat. (See Archimedes and others after used integral methods throughout history, and a great many ( Isaac Barrow Pierre de Fermat Blaise Pascal John Wallis and others) are said to have discussed the idea of a derivative . Indian mathematician Bhaskara (1114-1185) could be described as the "father" of differential calculus, giving an example of what is now called "differential coefficient" and the basic idea of what is now known as Rolle's theorem Ren© Descartes introduced the foundation for the methods of analytic geometry in , providing the foundation for calculus later introduced by Isaac Newton and Gottfried Leibniz , independently of each other. Leibniz and Newton are usually credited with the invention, in the late

12. Mathematics Archives - Topics In Mathematics - Calculus Java Powered Calculus ADD. KEYWORDS Tutorial, history of calculus Karl's Calculus Tutor ADD. KEYWORDS Tutorial Manipula Math with JAVA http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

13. Calculus - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia Main article history of calculus. Though the origins of integral calculus are (1949) The History of the Calculus and its Conceptual Development. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculus

Calculus From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Topics in calculus Fundamental theorem Function Limits of functions Continuity ... Lists of integrals For other uses of the term calculus see calculus (disambiguation) Calculus is a central branch of mathematics , developed from algebra and geometry , and built on two major complementary ideas. One concept is differential calculus . It studies rates of change, which are usually illustrated by the slope of a line. Differential calculus is based on the problem of finding the instantaneous rate of change of one quantity relative to another. Examples of typical differential calculus problems are finding the following quantities: The acceleration and speed of a free-falling body at a particular moment. The loss in speed and trajectory of a fired projectile, such as an artillery shell or bullet. Change in profitability over time of a growing business at a particular point in time. The other key concept is integral calculus . It studies the accumulation of quantities, such as areas under a curve , linear distance traveled, or

14. DAN PRIESTLEY / BIRMINGHAM SEAHOLM He is taking three advanced placement courses European history, BC calculus and physics. http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

15. BC Education - Calculus 12 - Overview And History Of Calculus (Overview Of Calcu Calculus 12 Overview and history of calculus (Overview of Calculus). This sub-organizer contains the following sections Prescribed Learning Outcomes http://www.bced.gov.bc.ca/irp/math1012/calc12ohco.htm

Calculus 12 - Overview and History of Calculus (Overview of Calculus) This sub-organizer contains the following sections: Prescribed Learning Outcomes Suggested Instructional Strategies Suggested Assessment Strategies Recommended Learning Resources PRESCRIBED LEARNING OUTCOMES It is expected that students will understand that calculus was developed to help model dynamic situations. It is expected that students will: distinguish between static situations and dynamic situations identify the two classical problems that were solved by the discovery of calculus: the tangent problem the area problem describe the two main branches of calculus: differential calculus integral calculus understand the limit process and that calculus centers around this concept SUGGESTED INSTRUCTIONAL STRATEGIES Students will quickly come to realize that calculus is very different from the mathematics they have previously studied. Of greatest importance is an understanding that calculus is concerned with change and motion. It is a mathematics of change that enables scientists, engineers, economists, and many others to model real-life, dynamic situations. The concepts of average and instantaneous velocity are a good place to start. These concepts could be related to the motion of a car. Ask students if the displacement of the car is given by

16. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibnitz (1646 - 1716) leisure, he invented the differential and integral calculus in 1674 A Short Account of the History of Mathematics http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

17. BC Education - Calculus 12 - Overview And History Of Calculus (Historical Develo Calculus 12 Overview and history of calculus (Historical Development of Calculus). This sub-organizer contains the following sections http://www.bced.gov.bc.ca/irp/math1012/calc12ohch.htm

Calculus 12 - Overview and History of Calculus (Historical Development of Calculus) This sub-organizer contains the following sections: Prescribed Learning Outcomes Suggested Instructional Strategies Suggested Assessment Strategies Recommended Learning Resources PRESCRIBED LEARNING OUTCOMES It is expected that students will understand the historical background and problems that lead to the development of calculus. It is expected that students will: describe the contributions made by various mathematicians and philosophers to the development of calculus, including: Archimedes Fermat Descartes Barrow Newton Leibniz Jakob and Johann Bernoulli Euler L’Hopital SUGGESTED INSTRUCTIONAL STRATEGIES Students gain a better understanding and appreciation for this field of mathematics by studying the lives of principal mathematicians credited for the invention of calculus, including the period in which they lived and the significant mathematical problems they were attempting to solve. Conduct a brief initial overview of the historical development of calculus, then deal with specific historical developments when addressing related topics (e.g., the contributions of Fermat and Descares to solving the tangent line problem can be covered when dealing with functions, graphs, and limits). For additional ideas, see the suggested instructional strategies for other organizers.

18. History Of Calculus: Information From Answers.com history of calculus See also History of mathematics . Though the origins of calculus are generally regarded as going no farther back than to the. http://www.answers.com/topic/history-of-calculus

showHide_TellMeAbout2('false'); Business Entertainment Games Health ... More... On this page: Wikipedia Mentioned In Or search: - The Web - Images - News - Blogs - Shopping History of calculus Wikipedia History of calculus See also History of mathematics Though the origins of calculus are generally regarded as going no farther back than to the ancient Greeks , there is evidence that the ancient Egyptians may have harbored such knowledge amongst themselves as well (see Moscow and Rhind Mathematical Papyri Eudoxus is generally credited with the method of exhaustion , which made it possible to compute the area and volume of regions and solids. Archimedes developed this method further, while also inventing heuristic methods which resemble modern day concepts somewhat. (See http://mathpages.com/home/kmath343.htm Archimedes and others after used integral methods throughout history, and a great many (Barrow, Fermat, Pascal, Wallis and others) are said to have discussed the idea of a derivative Bhaskara (1114-1185), an Indian Mathematician, could be described as the "father" of differential calculus, giving an example of what is now called "differential coefficient" and the basic idea of what is now known as "Rolle's theorem". Ren© Descartes introduced the foundation for the methods of analytic geometry in , providing the foundation for calculus later introduced by Isaac Newton and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz , independently of each other.

19. Some Mathematical Notes The first part of this page, ``A brief history of calculus , is a collection of notes I made as a prelude to a History of Science paper that never happened http://www.obkb.com/dcljr/mathemat.html

Some mathematical notes jump to bottom of page The first part of this page, ``A brief history of calculus'', is a collection of notes I made as a prelude to a History of Science paper that never happened. (I did the Euclid paper instead.) The second part , ``Other interesting stuff'', is just a collection of miscellaneous events in the history of math. list of sources appears at the bottom of this page. A brief history of calculus Ancient notions c.360 B.C. Eudoxus of Cnidus provides a `` method of exhaustion '', close to the limiting concept of calculus , which is used by himself and later Greeks to find areas and volumes of curvilinear figures; it was based on the lemma that any non-zero quantity Pre-calculus Johannes Kepler uses infinitesimals to calculate volumes of revolution in Nova stereometria doliorum vinarorum (``New Measurement of the Volume of Wine Casks Bonaventura Cavalieri calculates volumes using infinitely small sections John Wallis studies infinite series in Arithmetica infinitorum Arithmetic of Infinitesimals Blaise Pascal , working on the sine function , ``almost'' discovers calculus Early calculus Isaac Newton retires to the country to escape the Great Plague in London; there he invents the first form of

20. CALCULUS Early Transcendentals The History of the Calculus and Its Conceptual Development To find material on the history of calculus, click on History Topics Index, then on Analysis, http://www.stewartcalculus.com/media/4_inside_history.php

CALCULUS Early Transcendentals Author's Welcome About the Author HOME CHAPTERS ... Lies My Calculator... History of Math... Challenge Problems History of Mathematics Here is a list of some of the best books and most reliable web sites containing information on the history of mathematics and, in particular, the history of calculus. Bear in mind that books are edited and reviewed, whereas web sites are not subject to professional scrutiny and so their accuracy is not guaranteed. Books Carl Boyer, The History of the Calculus and Its Conceptual Development (New York: Dover, 1959). Carl Boyer and Uta Merzbach, A History of Mathematics (New York: Wiley, 1987). C.H. Edwards, The Historical Development of the Calculus (New York: Springer-Verlag, 1979). Howard Eves, An Introduction to the History of Mathematics, 6th ed. (New York: Saunders, 1990). C.C. Gillispie, ed., Dictionary of Scientific Biography (New York: Scribner's, 1974). Judith V. Grabiner, The Origins of Cauchy's Rigorous Calculus (Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 1981). Victor Katz

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