21. Margaret Sanger Margaret Sanger 18791966. Margaret Sanger was born Margaret Louise Higgins onSeptember 14, 1879, in Corning, New York. Margaret was the sixth of 11 http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h1676.html

Search ( Enter the name of an historical figure, event or issue) Margaret Sanger Margaret Sanger was born Margaret Louise Higgins on September 14, 1879, in Corning, New York. Margaret was the sixth of 11 children born to Michael Hennessey Higgins and Anne Purcell Higgins. Michael Higgins was an outspoken radical who taught Margaret to stand up for what she believed in and made sure she always spoke her mind. At the age of 50, after 18 pregnancies, 11 live births and seven miscarriages, Anne Higgins died from tuberculosis. Shortly after her mother's death, Margaret decided she would become a nurse and care for pregnant women. In 1896 Margaret attended Claverack College and the Hudson River Institute, then in 1900 transferred to New York's White Plains Hospital to begin her nursing studies. In 1902, shortly before finishing her nursing program, Margaret married architect William Sanger and they moved to Hastings, a small suburb of New York City. Although she suffered from tuberculosis, Margaret and her husband had three children between 1902 and 1910. In 1910, the Sanger family moved to New York City. Margaret returned to nursing to help support her family, while William struggled to become a painter. The Sangers became involved with a group of activists and artists in Greenwich Village. Margaret joined the Liberal Club and became a supporter of the anarchist Ferrer Center and Modern School. She joined groups that included the Women's Committee of the New York

22. Historia - Sanger, Margaret Margaret Sanger Nurse, Birth Control (18791966). Margaret became a nurse, andduring her career she discovered that poor people usually had more children http://www.liquidleaf.com/historia/sanger.html

Margaret Sanger Nurse, Birth Control (1879-1966) Margaret became a nurse, and during her career she discovered that poor people usually had more children than wealthy people. Poor people had trouble raising their children because they did not have enough money to provide what each child needed. Margaret sold her house and with her savings, she, her husband and children went to Europe to find out how to help women control their pregnancies, called "birth control". She helped to educate women on how to plan the size of their families, and opened clinics to help women learn these ideas. At that time, these ideas were against the law and Margaret was arrested many times. Margaret fought these laws, traveled and spoke about her ideas, and became the first president of Planned Parenthood. Please feel free to email the webmaster with any suggestions, links or comments! Information adapted from History of Women in Science for Young People by Vivian Sheldon Epstein.

23. American Experience | The Pill | People & Events People Events Margaret Sanger (18791966). Sanger at Desk Margaret Sangerdevoted her life to legalizing birth control and making it universally http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/pill/peopleevents/p_sanger.html

Margaret Sanger devoted her life to legalizing birth control and making it universally available for women. Born in 1879, Sanger came of age during the heyday of the Comstock Act, a federal statute that criminalized contraceptives. Margaret Sanger believed that the only way to change the law was to break it. Starting in the 1910s, Sanger actively challenged federal and state Comstock laws to bring birth control information and contraceptive devices to women. Her fervent ambition was to find the perfect contraceptive to relieve women from the horrible strain of repeated, unwanted pregnancies. Tragedy Leads to Commitment Sanger's commitment to birth control sprung from personal tragedy. One of eleven children born to a working class Irish Catholic family in Corning, New York, at age nineteen Margaret watched her mother die of tuberculosis. Just 50 years old, her mother had wasted away from the strain of eleven childbirths and seven miscarriages. Facing her father over her mother's coffin, Margaret lashed out, "You caused this. Mother is dead from having too many children." Nurses Botched Abortions Determined to escape her mother's fate, Sanger fled Corning to attend nursing school in the Catskills. Eventually, she found work in New York City as a visiting nurse on the Lower East Side. It was there that Sanger saw her personal tragedy writ large in the lives of poor, immigrant women.

24. TeacherSource . Library Media . MARC Record | PBS 600 10 a Sanger, Margaret, d 18791966. 600 10 a McCormick, Katherine Dexter, d1876-1967. 600 10 a Pincus, Gregory, d 1903-1967. 600 10 a Rock, John, http://www.pbs.org/teachersource/library/archive/LC_MARC_amex_pill.html

a The pill. a b c a a Title from web site description. a Writer, producer, director, Chana Gazit. a Narrator, Blair Brown. a Birth control pill was developed by two elderly female activists who demanded a contraceptive women could eat like aspirin and who funded the scientific research; a devout Roman Catholic gynecologist who believed a robust sex life made for a good marriage; and a brilliant biologist who bullied a pharmaceutical company into manufacturing the revolutionary contraceptive. Finally, in May 1960, the FDA approved the sale of a pill that arguably would have a greater impact on American culture than any other drug in the nation’s history. 60 minutes. a High school to adult. a Closed captioned for the hearing impaired. a d a d a d a d a z x History. a Gazit, Chana a Brown, Blair a PBS a WGBH (Television station : Boston, Mass.) a American Experience (Television program) a http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/pill/

25. Reader's Companion To American History - -SANGER, MARGARET Sanger, Margaret. (18791966), pioneer birth-control advocate. Sanger was bornin Corning, New York, one of eleven children of Irish-American parents. http://college.hmco.com/history/readerscomp/rcah/html/ah_076900_sangermargar.htm

Entries Publication Data Advisory Board Contributors ... World Civilizations The Reader's Companion to American History SANGER, MARGARET , pioneer birth-control advocate. Sanger was born in Corning, New York, one of eleven children of Irish-American parents. Her mother was Catholic, her father a radical follower of freethinker Robert Ingersoll and single-taxer Henry George. Sanger later attributed the family's lack of prosperity and her mother's death at forty-nine to her parents' having had so many children. The inequality she observed between them stimulated her lifelong social activism. Margaret, with help from her sisters, attended Claverack College, after which she went to nursing school. She did not immediately use her medical training because, she later wrote, William Sanger "pressured" her into marrying and leaving school in 1902. Sanger, an artist and architect, moved the family (soon to include three children) to suburban Westchester. While he commuted to New York, Margaret grew restless as a result of her isolation and full-time housekeeping. In 1910 the Sangers moved back to Manhattan, and Margaret began working as a visiting nurse on the Lower East Side. She became active in radical politics, joining the Socialist party and working with the Industrial Workers of the World in supporting several militant strikes. From this network she absorbed feminist ideas and came to agree with Emma Goldman that women had a right to control their sexual and reproductive lives. Her work as a nurse with the poor further convinced her that birth control was vital to women's health and freedom.

26. MSN Encarta - Margaret Sanger Sanger, Margaret (18791966), American leader of the birth-control movement.Sanger was born in Corning, New York, on September 14, 1879, and trained as a http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761565246/Sanger_Margaret.html

MSN Home My MSN Hotmail Shopping ... Sign In Web Search: Encarta Subscriber Sign In Help Home ... Upgrade your Encarta Experience Search Encarta Upgrade your Encarta Experience Spend less time searching and more time learning. Learn more Tasks Find in this article Print Preview Related Items birth-control advocacy quotation Further Reading Search for books and more related to Sanger, Margaret Encarta Search Search Encarta about Sanger, Margaret Advertisement document.write(' Sanger, Margaret Encyclopedia Article Multimedia 1 item Sanger, Margaret (1879-1966), American leader of the birth-control movement. Sanger was born in Corning, New York, on September 14, 1879, and trained as a nurse at the White Plains (New York) Hospital. Her work among the poor in New York City convinced her of the widespread need for information concerning contraception, and she abandoned nursing to devote herself to the promotion of that objective. In 1914 she was indicted for circulating through the mails a magazine called The Woman Rebel, in which she attacked the legislative restrictions on distribution of contraceptive information known as the Comstock Law. Passed in 1873, this federal legislation made it a crime to import or distribute any device, medicine, or information designed to prevent conception or induce abortion, or to mention in print the names of sexually transmitted infections . In addition, nurses and physicians were legally barred from providing this information to their patients. Sanger won support from prominent community leaders; through their influence the case against her was dismissed in 1916. In the same year she established the first American birth-control clinic in Brooklyn, New York. Charged with “maintaining a public nuisance,” she was convicted and served thirty days in the Queens County Penitentiary, where she organized a school for fellow inmates. After her release, she won an appeal, opening the way for physicians to give birth-control advice in New York City. She then began publishing

27. Home (From Haven To Home: 350 Years Of Jewish Life In America, A Library Of Cong Emma Goldman (18691940) to Margaret Sanger (1879-1966) Emma Goldman (1869-1940)to Margaret Sanger (1879-1966). Typescript letter, December 7, 1915. http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/haventohome/haven-home.html

The Library of Congress Exhibitions Find in Haven to Home Exhibit Pages Exhibition Web Pages All Library of Congress Pages HOME Exhibition Overview Checklist of Objects Acknowledgments ... Read More About It Exhibition Sections: Haven A Century of Immigration: 1820-1924 Confronting Challenges Home ... Conclusion Home This issue of the Yiddish socialist daily, the Forward whopping 85 percent of the Jewish vote. " Roosevelt Labor's Choice " New York, Forward , November 1, 1936 Serial and Government Publications Division S ince their arrival in America, Jews have faced the difficulty of maintaining a separate group identity in an open society that embraced them as equals. Nineteenth-century efforts to unify American Jews around a common liturgical rite failed. However apart Jews stood, they resisted religious uniformity as much as their fellow Christians did. Over time, the Jewish community became ever more diverse, particularly as the Conservative and Reconstructionist branches of Judaism emerged in the twentieth century, joining the more established Orthodox and Reform movements, all of which subsequently broadened still further. T In the Public Sphere Myer S. Isaacs (1841-1904) to

28. Open Collections Program: Women Working: Margaret Sanger Margaret Sanger (18791966). Kate Richards O Hare. Margaret Sanger, a birthcontrol activist, nurse, and lecturer, was born in 1879 in Corning, New York, http://ocp.hul.harvard.edu/ww/people_sanger.html

Home Browse the Collection By Genre: Books, Serials, Pamphlets New Additions All Photographs ... Trade Catalogs By Subject: Topics State or City People Organizations ... Search the Collection Search: Open Collections Full Text Photographs Teacher Resources ... Harvard Libraries Book Keyword Search: Today's Diary Entries Print A Women Working 2005/1887 Calendar! Margaret Sanger (1879-1966) Margaret Sanger, a birth control activist, nurse, and lecturer, was born in 1879 in Corning, New York, the sixth of eleven children. She attended Claverack College, Hudson River Institute, and the White Plains Hospital nursing program in order to become a nurse. In 1902 she married architect William Sanger, and the couple had three children. Margaret Sanger practiced nursing until 1912, when she left the profession in order to devote her life to educating women about birth control, which she was convinced would greatly improve their lives. She wrote a series of articles for The New York Call entitled "What Every Girl Should Know" which was later published as a book and in 1914 dispensed information on contraceptives through pamphlets such as "Family Limitation" and in her radical feminist newspaper

29. Sanger, Margaret. The Margaret Sanger Papers: [Documents From The Sophia Smith C COVERAGE, Margaret Sanger (18791966) was a founder and leader of both American and Sanger, Margaret, 1879-1966. The Margaret Sanger Papers Microform http://www.library.utoronto.ca/robarts/microtext/collection/pages/sangerp2.html

[Main Index] [Microform Search] [Site Map] [Microtext Section Home] ... [U of T Home] Sanger, Margaret, 1879-1966. The Margaret Sanger Papers: [Documents from the Sophia Smith Collection and College Archives. Smith College (Series 2). Edited by Esther Katz, with Peter Engelman, Cathy Moran Haig, and Anke Voss Hubbard [Assistant Editors] . Bethesda, MD: University Publications of America, c1994. 83 reels COVERAGE Margaret Sanger (1879-1966) was a founder and leader of both American and the international birth control movements. Her papers exhibit a complex portrait of both the personal and public lives of one of the 20th century's most influential and controversial figures. It covers material from early 20th century to the 1960's and documents the social history of attitudes towards sexuality and birth control. This collection includes 45,000 documents covering Sanger's personal and business correspondence, organizational records, and conference materials related to American Birth Control League, Planned Parenthood Federation of America, and other groups. The collection is filmed from the Sanger papers and other collections in the Sophia College, Northhampton. The collection is divided into five series; correspondence; organizational records and conference materials; legal and Governmental materials; writings such as journals, speeches, and diaries; and, family/miscellany.

30. Sanger, Margaret. The Margaret Sanger Papers: Collected Documents Series. BIBLIOGRAPHIC ACCESS, Sanger, Margaret, 18791966. The Margaret Sanger PapersCollected Documents Series. Edited by Esther Katz, with Cathy Moran Hajo and http://www.library.utoronto.ca/robarts/microtext/collection/pages/sangerps.html

[Main Index] [Microform Search] [Site Map] [Microtext Section Home] ... [U of T Home] Sanger, Margaret, 1879-1966. The Margaret Sanger Papers: Collected Documents Series . Edited by Esther Katz, with Cathy Moran Hajo and Peter C. Engelman. Bethesda, MD: University Publications of America, c1996. 18 reels COVERAGE The collection consists of documents gathered from various archives and private collections around the world. These documents complement the coverage of Sanger's multifaceted life and work that is provided by the Smith College Collection of Margaret Sanger Papers. This collection includes 9,000 documents from women's history archives such as Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe College; medical archives such as the National Library of Medicine, and London's Wellcome Institute for History of Medicine; and manuscript collections at the National Archives, the New York Public Library, the Rockefeller Archive Center, the Sir David Owen Population Centre at the University of Cardiff, and the British Library. Also includes documents from the private collections of many of Sanger's family, friends, and associates, and from records of birth control, and family planning-related organizations, including American Birth Control League, the International Planned Parenthood Federation, the British Family Planning Association, the Family Planning Federation of Japan, the Nieuw Malthusiaansche Bund? (Netherlands), and the Riksförbundet för Sexual Upplysning (Sweden). The documents and manuscript collections from the Library of Congress Margaret Sanger Papers that were not included in the 1977 microfilm collection are covered in this collection.

31. Margaret Sanger 18791966 American social activist. Margaret Sanger dedicated her life to makingbirth control available to all women in the world and thereby increased the http://www.edwardsly.com/sangerm.htm

Margaret Sanger American social activist Margaret Sanger dedicated her life to making birth control available to all women in the world and thereby increased the quality and length of women's and children's lives. Introduction Margaret Louise Higgins was born on September 11, 1879, in Corning, New York. The sixth of eleven children born to Anne Purcell and Michael Hennessey Higgins, Margaret grew up in a bustling household in the woods on the outskirts of town. While her mother took care of the large family, her father worked as a sculptor, chiseling headstones for local cemeteries. His work was unsteady, and with so many mouths to feed the family usually struggled to make ends meet. Though poor themselves, the Higginses believed in helping others and taught Margaret to do the same. Her father often told her: "You have no right to material comforts without giving back to society the benefits of your honest experience" (Sanger, p. 23). Margaret greatly admired her father, who was known as somewhat of a rebel in town, and took his words to heart. Rebel influence A "freethinker" who was active in the cause of labor reform and social equality, Michael Higgins was no stranger to controversy. He often arranged for labor leaders and social reformers to speak in Corning and made his overcrowded house a center for political activity. His efforts were usually greeted with scorn from the townspeople, and as a result, Margaret and her siblings grew up being called "children of the devil" (Sanger, p. 21). But Margaret paid little attention to the name-calling. In fact, she rather liked being the daughter of a rebel and living amid controversy. The young girl developed a defiant spirit akin to her father's that would last a lifetime.

32. Margaret Sanger Clinic -- NRHP Travel Itinerary Margaret Sanger (18791966), reformer, nurse. This house served as the main clinicof Margaret Higgins Sanger, birth control pioneer and social reformer, http://www.cr.nps.gov/nr/travel/pwwmh/ny27.htm

Margaret Sanger Clinic Photograph by Andrew S. Dolkart. Margaret Sanger (1879-1966), reformer, nurse The Margaret Sanger Clinic, a National Historic Landmark, is located in New York City. The property is a private residence and is not open to the public. Home List of Sites Main Map New York City Map ... Comments or Questions Last Modified: Monday, 30-Mar-98 15:42:58EST

33. Sanger - YourDictionary.com - American Heritage Dictionary Sanger, Margaret Higgins 18791966. American nurse who campaigned widely forbirth control and founded (1929) the organization that became the Planned http://www.yourdictionary.com/ahd/s/s0069200.html

Search Mamma.com for "Sanger" Search: Normal Definitions Short defs (Pronunciation Key) Sanger Margaret Higgins American nurse who campaigned widely for birth control and founded (1929) the organization that became the Planned Parenthood Federation (1942). Back to Search Back The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition

34. Gale Schools - Women's History Month - Biographies - Margaret Sanger Margaret Sanger. Margaret Sanger. 18791966 American social activist. Margaret Sangerdedicated her life to making birth control available to all women in http://www.galeschools.com/womens_history/bio/sanger_m.htm

Catalog Press Room E-newsletters Sign Up Archives ... Women's Rights on Trial Download our free 2005 Women's History Month wall calendar Margaret Sanger American social activist Margaret Sanger dedicated her life to making birth control available to all women in the world and thereby increased the quality and length of women's and children's lives. Introduction Margaret Louise Higgins was born on September 11, 1879, in Corning, New York. The sixth of eleven children born to Anne Purcell and Michael Hennessey Higgins, Margaret grew up in a bustling household in the woods on the outskirts of town. While her mother took care of the large family, her father worked as a sculptor, chiseling headstones for local cemeteries. His work was unsteady, and with so many mouths to feed the family usually struggled to make ends meet. Though poor themselves, the Higginses believed in helping others and taught Margaret to do the same. Her father often told her: "You have no right to material comforts without giving back to society the benefits of your honest experience" (Sanger, p. 23). Margaret greatly admired her father, who was known as somewhat of a rebel in town, and took his words to heart.

35. Daily Celebrations ~ Margaret Sanger, Struggle For Expression ~ September 14 ~ I Feminist and birth control pioneer Margaret Sanger (18791966) was born MargaretLouise Higgins on this day in Corning, New York. Her crusade began when she http://www.dailycelebrations.com/091499.htm

September 14 ~  Struggle for Expression Birth Control in America Woman m u s t not accept ; she must challenge . She must not be a w e d by that which has been built up around her; she m u s t reverence that woman in her which struggles f o r expression." ~ Margaret Sanger Feminist and birth control pioneer Margaret Sanger (1879-1966) was born Margaret Louise Higgins on this day in Corning, New York. Her crusade began when she watched her mother 's deterioration and death from 11 childbirths. "The real hope of the world lies in putting as painstaking thought into the business of mating as we do into other big businesses," she once said. Trained as a nurse, Sanger became an advocate for family planning, she coined the term "birth control." She fought with tenacity for women at a time when women did not even have the right to vote. "No woman can call herself free who does not own and control her own body ," she said, defying church and state. "No woman can call herself free until she can choose consciously whether she will or will not be a mother Charismatic and controversial, in 1914 Sanger published the then-radical newspaper

36. Alibris: Margaret Sanger dj edge/surface rubbing, xlib with usual xlib distinctions. 388 p. ports.22 cm. ISBN 0060109491. Subjects Sanger, Margaret, 18791966. read more http://www.alibris.com/search/books/query/margaret sanger

You'll find it at Alibris! Log in here Over 50 million used, new and out-of-print books! CART ACCOUNT WISHLIST HELP ... SEARCH search in Books Music: All CD Vinyl Movies: All DVD VHS by title / ISBN by author / artist by subject / genre my email address unsubscribe here your shopping cart order status wish list ... help available copies Your search: Books Keyword: margaret sanger (422 available copies) Narrow your results by: Hardcover Softcover Signed First edition ... Eligible for FREE shipping Narrow results by title Narrow results by author Narrow results by subject Narrow results by keyword Narrow results by publisher or refine further Page of 17 sort results by Seller Rating Price - Low Price - High Condition Title Author Pub Date Killer Angel: a Short Biography of Planned Parenthood's Founder, Margaret Sanger more books like this by Grant, George other copies of this book price: Ready to Ship add to wishlist Edition: Revised ed. Binding: Paperback Publisher: Highland Books (TN) Date Published: ISBN: Description: Very Good. Trade paperback (US). Glued binding.

37. Mike L., Good Schools, Darwin And Evolution Mike sees a relationship between the work of Margaret Sanger and Darwin Fortunately, because she is dead (18791966), that privilege will never become http://www.goodschools.com/mike.htm

SELECTED CONTENTS: Home Theory of Evolution and Racism Dawkins A Dinosaur Defends the Indefensible Other Letters and My Comments ... Other Articles of Interest "...every group that wishes to see conflicting interests resolved reasonably, or is wise about the conditions under which it enjoys its own freedom, must be profoundly concerned with the state of freedom of speech and assembly, freedom of inquiry and teaching, freedom of press and other forms of communication, freedom of cultural opportunity and development. For in large measure intelligent moral choice depends upon them." Sidney Hook (1902-1988), disciple of John Dewey, and champion of pragmatism and democracy Mike sees a relationship between the work of Margaret Sanger and Darwin I am not terribly familiar with Margaret Sanger. She sounds to me like a person I would rather not know personally. Fortunately, because she is dead (1879-1966), that privilege will never become an issue.

38. SANGER MARGARET Term Papers, Research Papers On SANGER MARGARET And Essays At Ac A biography of the life of Margaret Sanger and her fight for legalized birthcontrol. Margaret Sanger (18791966) is one of the most influential, http://www.academon.com/lib/essay/sanger-margaret.html

Home Sell Buy FAQs ... Contact Us Papers [1-15] of 100 :: [Page 1 of 7] Go to page: Search results on "SANGER MARGARET": Term Paper #23511 Add to Cart (You can always remove it later) Margaret Sanger An examination of the life and career of American feminist Margaret Sanger. 1,786 words ( approx. 7.1 pages ), 1 sources, MLA, Click here to show/hide Paper Summary Abstract This paper looks at how Margaret Sanger's dedication to birth control as a woman's right, as depicted in Ellen Chesler's biography, "Woman of Valor: Margaret Sanger and the Birth Control Movement in America", allies Sanger as an early radical feminist. It examines the personal, professional and political/intellectual experiences and friendships that have shaped and changed these positions over her life, with a focus on her work as a nurse and her relationship with Emma Goldman. Finally, it shows how despite these changing positions, a constant belief throughout her life was that women should have access to birth controlt her life. From the Paper: "Sanger's first foray into feminism was through the radical bohemian culture flourishing in pre-war Greenwich Village. Margaret's husband William Sanger was a Socialist and Margaret became involved with the party's early efforts to mobilize women members, particularly from women laboring in the garment industry. When the Socialist Party embraced the cause of women's suffrage, Margaret was put in charge of promoting the vote for women. Records from 1911 show that she participated in distributing leaflets and pamphlets, agitating for the right to vote. However, Margaret became dissatisfied with the focus on suffrage. Many aspects of her personal life and her work as a visiting nurse convinced her that the Socialist focus on suffrage was "a low priority in the larger struggle of working women for economic and social justice" (59)."

39. Margaret Sanger Papers Margaret Sanger (18791966) became convinced that in liberating women from the The goal of the Margaret Sanger Papers Project is to publish the more http://mep.cla.sc.edu/mepinfo/Sanger/sangbase.htm

The Papers of Margaret Sanger Cover illustration from Birth Control Review, August 1921, by Rockwell Kent. Courtesy of Rockwell Kent Legacies, Au o'Sable Forks, N.Y. About Margaret Sanger Margaret Sanger's name is virtually synonymous with the development of birth control, a term she helped coin in 1914. Schooled in the pre-World War I activism of the radical labor left and mobilized by her work as a home nurse in the immigrant ghettos of New York, Margaret Sanger (1879-1966) became convinced that in liberating women from the tyranny of unwanted pregnancies, birth control would effect fundamental change. From the publication of The Woman Rebel in 1914 through her leadership of the International Planned Parenthood Federation in the 1950s, Margaret Sanger dedicated herself to making birth control safe, effective, legal, and socially sanctioned. Committed to insuring that every woman had both the knowledge and right to practice birth control, Sanger is best known for her battles over the right to legally disseminate contraceptive information and open birth control clinics. Yet her decision to press for the acceptance of contraception by the medical establishment and to support medically sanctioned birth control has also been critical to contemporary attitudes and debates. Birth control today remains a key component of social and economic change, and continues to be surrounded by controversies and debates at whose center lie the policies developed and publicized by Margaret Sanger.

40. Margaret Sanger Margaret Sanger gained worldwide renown, respect, and admiration for Margaret Sanger (18791966) had seen her own mother die at the age of 49 as the http://www.ppscny.org/margaret_sanger.htm

Margaret Sanger gained worldwide renown, respect, and admiration for founding the American birth control movement and, later, the Planned Parenthood Federation of America, as well as for developing and encouraging family planning efforts throughout the international community. The sixth of 11 children in a poor Irish family, Margaret Sanger (1879-1966) had seen her own mother die at the age of 49 as the result of tuberculosis contracted after too many pregnancies. In the early 1910's, Sanger worked as a maternity nurse on the Lower East Side of New York, delivering babies in the homes of poor, mostly immigrant women. The women she nursed knew nothing of how to prevent pregnancy and, because of the "Comstock laws," could get no information from their doctors. Instead, they resorted to the illegal practitioners of five-dollar abortions, on whose tables many of them died. "Tales," Sanger wrote, "were poured into my ears a baby born dead, great relief the death of an older child, sorrow but again relief of a sort the story told a thousand times of death from abortion and children going into institutions. I shuddered with horror as I listened to the details and studied the reasons back of them destitution linked with excessive childbearing. The waste of life seemed utterly senseless." For medical questions, or to schedule an appointment with the nearest Planned Parenthood center, call toll-free 1-800-230-PLAN.

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