41. Stories By Foreign Authors: Russian By Nikolai Vasilievich Gogol - Project Guten Creator, Gogol, Nikolai Vasilievich (18091852). Creator, Pushkin, AleksandrSergeevich (1799-1837). Creator, Tolstoy, Leo Nikoleyevich (1828-1910) http://pge.rastko.net/etext/5741

Project Gutenberg Europe Online Book Catalog Author: Title Word(s): EText-No.: Advanced Search Recent Books Top 100 Offline Catalogs ... In Depth Information Stories by Foreign Authors: Russian by Nikolai Vasilievich Gogol New Search Help on this page Data Creator Gogol, Nikolai Vasilievich (1809-1852) Creator Pushkin, Aleksandr Sergeevich (1799-1837) Creator Tolstoy, Leo Nikoleyevich (1828-1910) Creator Turgenev, Ivan Sergeevich (1818-1883) Title Stories by Foreign Authors: Russian Language English EText-No. Release Date No Read this eBook online (experimental feature) Download this eBook Edition Format Encoding Compression Size Download Links Plain text us-ascii none 201 KB rastko.net Plain text us-ascii zip 79 KB rastko.net If you are located outside of the U.S. you may want to download from a mirror site located near you to improve performance. Select a mirror site. If you need a special character set, try our new recode facility (experimental) Most recently updated: 2004-12-19 17:39:39.

42. Dead Souls By Nikolai Vasilievich Gogol - Project Gutenberg Europe Creator, Gogol, Nikolai Vasilievich (18091852). Title, Dead Souls. Language,English. LoC Class, PG Language and Literatures Slavic (including Russian), http://pge.rastko.net/etext/1081

Project Gutenberg Europe Online Book Catalog Author: Title Word(s): EText-No.: Advanced Search Recent Books Top 100 Offline Catalogs ... In Depth Information Dead Souls by Nikolai Vasilievich Gogol New Search Help on this page Data Creator Gogol, Nikolai Vasilievich (1809-1852) Title Dead Souls Language English LoC Class PG: Language and Literatures: Slavic (including Russian), Languages and Literature Subject Fiction EText-No. Release Date No Read this eBook online (experimental feature) Download this eBook Edition Format Encoding Compression Size Download Links Plain text none 816 KB rastko.net Plain text zip 317 KB rastko.net If you are located outside of the U.S. you may want to download from a mirror site located near you to improve performance. Select a mirror site. If you need a special character set, try our new recode facility (experimental) Most recently updated: 2004-12-19 17:39:39.

43. Selected Literatures And Authors Pages - Ukrainian Literature Nikolai Vasilievich Gogol Mykola Hohol (18091852). Listed also in RussianLiterature and Authors section. Nikolay (Vasilyevich) Gogol (1809-1852). http://learning.lib.vt.edu/slav/lit_authors_ukrainian.html

Slavic, East European, and Former USSR Resources Selected Literatures and Authors Page - Ukrainian Literature Ukrainian and Ukrainian Emigre Literature and Authors [Includes Some Religious and National Leaders] [See also Rusyn or Carpatho-Ukraine Literature and Authors INDEX BY LITERATURE TYPES General Ukrainian Literature Ukrainian Literature by Genre INDEX BY AUTHOR A - G H - K L - R S - Z Andrukhovych, Yurii Andruzky, Yurii Hohol, Mykola Liubchenko, Arkadii ... Gogol, Nikolai Literature Web Sites General Ukrainian Literature Sites Electronic Library of Ukrainian Literature Ukrainian Literature . From InfoUkes. Ukrainian Literature in English: Articles in Journals and Collections, 1840-1965. An Annotated Bibliography . Research Report Number 51. CIUS. 1991/1996. By Marta Tarnowsky. Ukrainian Literature in English, 1980-1989 An Annotated Bibliography . By Marta Tarnawsky. From Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies Press Ucrainica at Harvard - The Ukrainian Research Institute's 25th-Anniversary Exhibition at Houghton Library, Harvard. Includes:

44. Selected Literatures And Authors Pages - Russian Literature Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol Mykola Hohol (18091852). Listed also in UkrainianLiterature and Taras Bulba and Other Tales By Nikolai Vasilievich Gogol. http://learning.lib.vt.edu/slav/lit_authors_russian.html

Slavic, East European, and Former USSR Resources Selected Literatures and Authors Page - Russian Literature Russian and Russian Emigre Literature and Authors (and Some Literary Critics, Linguists, etc.) INDEX BY LITERATURE TYPE General Russian Literature Russian Literature by Genre 19th and Early 20th Century Literature Other Russian Literature Sites INDEX BY AUTHOR A - E F - K L - R S - Z Afanasiev, Aleksandr Ehrenburg, Ilya Lavrenev, Boris Saltykov-Shchedrin, Mikhail ... Kuzmin, Mikhail Return to Top of Page Literature Web Sites General Russian Literature Sites Russian Literature . By Robert Beard. Russia - Culture - Literature . From The Slavic Research Center, Hokkaido University. Russian Literature Online . From www.studyrussian.com. Internet Biblioteka Alekseia Komarova Venäjän nykykirjallisuuden kirjasto - Kirjallisuus . From Suomi-Venäjä-Seura . [Russian Literature On-Line sites from the Finland-Russia Society]. Lib.Ru: Biblioteka Maksima Moshkowa

45. Reading Rat 1801-1825 Nikolai Vasilievich Gogol (18091852); Criticism Morson Fadiman DeadSouls (1922-1923) Criticism Westphalen Byatt The Complete Tales http://terrenceberres.com/read1801.html

Home Reading What to read 1801-1825 Annotations: to (rating) - (criticism) - (references) - (etexts) - (study guides) Early 19th Century John Henry NEWMAN Russello Hochschild Oakes Crosby ... McInerny Apologia pro Vita Sua The Dream of Gerontius Essay on the Development of Christian Doctrine Swisshelm Brownson Brownson Idea of a University Dean Lecture on Anglican Difficulties The Grammar of Assent Jaki Alexandre DUMAS LN Memoirs Victor Marie HUGO Romer Les Miserables Whipple The Hunchback of Notre Dame or Notre-Dame of Paris The Distance, The Shadows; Selected Poems ...talking poetry with Hugo is like talking theology with the Lord God. Theophile Gautier William Shakespeare The Toilers of the Sea The End of Satan God Thomas Lovell BEDDOES LitWeb Death's Jest Book Poems Hector BERLIOZ Memoirs Determined to avoid a kiss-and-tell confession, Berlioz refracted his life through his art. James Marcus George BORROW Ward The Bible in Spain Lavengro The Romany Rye Ralph Waldo EMERSON Fromm Bloom Robinson McClay ... Holmes Letter to Thomas Carlyle (October 7, 1835) Nature The American Scholar Essays Representative Men English Traits Address to the Harvard Divinity School Brahms Books Boston Hymn Civilization Concord Hymn The Conservative Considerations by the Way Culture Demonology Fate Give All to Love Illusions The Informing Spirit Journal Literary Ethics Man the Reformer New England Reformers Poetry and Imagination The Rhodora Success Terminus Threnody War Wealth Works and Days Worship Nature The Conduct of Life Journals Poems Brownson The Portable Emerson Nathaniel HAWTHORNE Wineapple "The Minister's Black Veil"

46. G Gogol, Nikolai Vasilievich, (18091852) the great Russian novelist, dramatist,and short-story writer. His best-known works are The Government Inspector http://www.italycyberguide.com/History/factspersons/g.htm

Home Back Up Next G Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) Italian mathematician, astronomer, and physicist. He discovered the isochronism of the pendulum and demonstrated that falling bodies of different weights descens at the same rate. He perfected the refracting telescope, which led to his discovery of Jupiter's satellites, sunspots, and craters on the moon. He was forced by the Inquisition to recant his support of the Copernican system. Garibaldi, Anita Garibaldi, Giuseppe (1807-1882) Italian patriot, a leader of Risorgimento. He fought against the Austrian and French in Italy (1848-1849; 1859) and, with 1000 volunteers, conquered Sicily and Naples for the emerging kingdom of Italy in 1860. Gaspare del Bufalo (Saint) (Rome 1786-1836) Italian priest, canon of a basilica San Marco in Rome. He was imprisoned and exiled because of refuse to take an oath of fidelity to the government of Napoleon in 1810. He founded the missionary congregation of Preziosissimo Sangue (The most precious blood) in 1815. He was canonized in 1954. His holiday is on June 23. Giraud, Bernardino

47. Project BookRead - FREE Online Book: Taras Bulba And Other Tales By Nikolai Vasi Taras Bulba and Other Tales Nikolai Vasilievich Gogol Taras Bulba St. no greatercreative mystery than Nikolai Vasil evich Gogol (18091852), who has done http://tanaya.net/Books/taras10/

Taras Bulba And Other Tales Nikolai Vasilievich Gogol Taras Bulba and Other Tales Nikolai Vasilievich Gogol Taras Bulba St. John's Eve The Cloak How the Two Ivans Quarrelled The Mysterious Portrait The Calash Introduction by John Cournos Russian literature, so full of enigmas, contains no greater creative mystery than Nikolai Vasil'evich Gogol (1809-1852), who has done for the Russian novel and Russian prose what Pushkin has done for Russian poetry. Before these two men came Russian literature can hardly have been said to exist. It was pompous and effete with pseudo-classicism; foreign influences were strong; in the speech of the upper circles there was an over-fondness for German, French, and English words. Between them the two friends, by force of their great genius, cleared away the debris which made for sterility and erected in their stead a new structure out of living Russian words. The spoken word, born of the people, gave soul and wing to literature; only by coming to earth, the native earth, was it enabled to soar. Coming up from Little Russia, the Ukraine, with Cossack blood in his veins, Gogol injected

48. Discussion Questions James M. Holquist, The Devil in Mufti The Marchenwelt in Gogol s Short Stories .Nikolai Vasilievich Gogol (18091852) is in many ways, the most modern http://academics.hamilton.edu/russian/home/courses/russian225/Questions225.html

RSNST 225: MURDER, MADNESS, AND MAYHEM: XIXTH-CENTURY RUSSIAN LITERATURE This is a syllabus for roughly the first half of the course. I provide you with some basic information on each author and with a few questions to consider as we discuss. For specific assignments, refer to the "General Syllabus and Schedule of Assignments." Sept. 1: Introductions. Explanation of course goals and policies. Overview of Russian literature and culture up to Pushkin. Creation of a Russian literary language and its importance to Pushkin and others. Key Eighteenth Century figures: Vasily Kirillovich Trediakovsky (1703-1769), Mikhail Vasilievich Lomonosov (1711-1765), Aleksandr Petrovich Sumarokov (1718-1777), Denis Ivanovich Fonvizin (1744-1792), and Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin (1766-1826). Sept. 3: Pushkin, "Queen of Spades" As you will soon discover, Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin (1799-1837) is traditionally the most revered and most read Russian writer. Even today, most Russians you meet will be able to recite some verses from his poetry. His popularity, both among scholars and the general public, has never been translated into other countries. What does all of this suggest to you? Is the canon important to us today? What good are -isms anyway? For a variety of reasons, we will concentrate on his prose works. As you are reading these first stories, think about the idea of a national literature. Pushkin helped to create the image of a writer who is also a leading political, cultural, and ideological figure.

49. Nikolaj Vasiljevitj Gogol Gogol, Nikolaj Vasiljevitj (18091852), writer, Russia. Gogol, Nikolaj,Bibliografi.dk; Gogol, Nikolai Vasilievich, Project Gutenberg; Gogol, http://runeberg.org/authors/gogolnik.html

Nordic Authors Nikolaj Vasiljevitj Gogol Search for Nordic Authors Project Runeberg Catalog Recent Changes ... Comments? Gogol, Nikolaj Vasiljevitj (1809-1852) , writer, Russia. Född 20 mars 1809, död 4 mars 1852 Links Gogol, Nikolaj , Bibliografi.dk Gogol, Nikolai Vasilievich , Project Gutenberg Gogol, Nikolai Vassilievitch , Project Gutenberg Nikolai Gogol , English Wikipedia Nikolai Wassiljewitsch Gogol , deutsche Wikipedia Nicolas Vassiliévitch Gogol , Wikipedia français Nikolaj Gogol , Nederlandse Wikipedia Nikolai Gogol , suomeksin Wikipedia Nikolaj Gogol , svenska Wikipedia Find other Nordic Authors named Gogol Look for more information in Libris Bibsys IPL.org AltaVista ... Yahoo Project Runeberg, 2005-01-31 11:02 (aronsson) http://runeberg.org/authors/gogolnik.html

50. ::: Wood S Lot ::: Mdarch 16 - 31, 2004 Happy Birthday. Gogol. (18091852). Dead Souls Nikolai Vasilievich Gogol TranslatedBy DJ Hogarth. Introduction by John Cournos http://www.ncf.ca/~ek867/2004_03_16-31_archives.html

wood s lot March 16 - 31, 2004 Blogroll Me links open windows Cost of the Iraq War Antiwar.com Project Ploughshares The World Social Forum How you can help InterAction Disaster Response ReliefWeb Friends ... Immigrating to Canada Immigrating to Ontario Canadiana Virtual Museum of Canada. Canada's Digital Collections ... I'd like to hear from you. support this site donations welcomed Feed My Mind amazon wish list Search wood s lot Advanced Search var site="sm5robark" Rush, Newspeak and Fascism News Feeds news links Research on Globalization Open Source Politics Terrorism Research Center cursor ... NYT Headlines Deep(er) Web National Security Archive MIT k.i.s.s. Memory Hole ... Cancon lit Some Blogs Metablogs Blogroots a w w w s h i t The Polis Weblogs upddate ... aortal Mags HorizonZero Walrus identitytheory fray ... greenpages Dailies BBC Human Nature today in lit political theory ... When They Were Young: A Photographic Retrospective of Childhood via pennydreadful Grey Villet a girl of Hickman Mills, Missouri, sits in the ruins of her home destroyed by a tornado, 1957 detail Sir Peter Ustinov foto: Radovan Šubín April 16, 1921 - March 28, 2004

51. Taras Bulba And Other Tales - Preface contains no greater creative mystery than Nikolai Vasil evich Gogol (18091852), Taras Bulba and Other Tales. by Nikolai Vasilievich Gogol http://www.worldwideschool.org/library/books/lit/shortstories/TarasBulbaandOther

Taras Bulba and Other Tales by Nikolai Vasilievich Gogol Terms Contents Preface Book I - ... The Calash Preface Introductory Comments Yet "Taras Bulba" was in a sense an accident, just as many other works of great men are accidents. It often requires a happy combination of circumstances to produce a masterpiece. I have already told in my introduction to "Dead Souls" [1] Everyman's Library, No. 726. JOHN COURNOS Evenings on the Farm near the Dikanka, 1829-31; Mirgorod, 1831-33; Taras Bulba, 1834; Arabesques (includes tales, The Portrait and A Madman's Diary), 1831-35; The Cloak, 1835; The Revizor (The Inspector-General), 1836; Dead Souls, 1842; Correspondence with Friends, 1847; Letters, 1847, 1895, 4 vols. 1902. ENGLISH TRANSLATIONS: Cossack Tales (The Night of Christmas Eve, Tarass Boolba), trans. by G. Tolstoy, 1860; St. John's Eve and Other Stories, trans. by Isabel F. Hapgood, New York, Crowell, 1886; Taras Bulba: Also St. John's Eve and Other Stories, London, Vizetelly, 1887; Taras Bulba, trans. by B. C. Baskerville, London, Scott, 1907; The Inspector: a Comedy, Calcutta, 1890; The Inspector-General, trans. by A. A. Sykes, London, Scott, 1892; Revizor, trans. for the Yale Dramatic Association by Max S. Mandell, New Haven, Conn., 1908; Home Life in Russia (adaptation of Dead Souls), London, Hurst, 1854; Tchitchikoff's Journey's; or Dead Souls, trans. by Isabel F. Hapgood, New York, Crowell, 1886; Dead Souls, London, Vizetelly, 1887; Dead Souls, London, Maxwell 1887; Dead Souls, London, Fisher Unwin, 1915; Dead Souls, London, Everyman's Library (Intro. by John Cournos), 1915; Meditations on the Divine Liturgy, trans. by L. Alexeieff, London, A. R. Mowbray and Co., 1913.

52. Free EBooks - Alphabetical List - GLOBUSZ PUBLISHING Gogol, Nikolai Vasilievich, 18091852. Calash, The; Cloak, The; Dead Souls;How The Two Ivans Quarrelled; Inspector-General, The; Mysterious Portrait, The http://www.globusz.com/authors_g.asp

MORE BOOKS HERE Search eBooks Search Paper Books MEMBERSHIP As a Globusz member you will be entitled to free passwords, and have full access to our fastest growing online library! CATEGORIES Adult Ancient Biographies Business ... Z Galdós, Benito Pérez [Download] Galsworthy, John [Download] [Download] [Download] [Download] Gamble, Eliza Burt [Download] Gandhi, Mahatma (Mohandas Karamchand) [Download] Garland, Mark A. [Download] Gautier, Theophile [Download] [Download] Gibran, Kahlil [Download] Gildas Sapiens [Download] Giles, Herbert Allen [Download] [Download] Gillman, James [Download] Ginzberg, Louis [Download] [Download] [Download] [Download] Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von [Download] [Download] Gong Sun Long [Download] Gonzales, Don Manoel [Download] Goodwin, John E. [Download] Graf, Oscar Maria [Download] Grahame, Kenneth [Download] Grand, Pete [Download] Green, Roland [Download] Grimm Brothers [Download] [Download] Gunn, J. Alexander [Download] [Download] Guon, Ellen [Download] Free Downloads The titles below are available for free download. Downloaded eBooks will expire after a given number of days or uses and you will need a password to read them. Non-members can purchase one password for $2.99, while our registered members are provided with free passwords for our entire collection. For only $29.95 you will have access to our growing collection of best quality eBooks. We are adding new titles every day. Gaboriau, Emile, 1832-1873

53. Forfatterleksikon 1850-1900. Skønlitteratur 1500-1908. Udenlandske Og Uidentifi Gogol, Nikolai (Vasilievich) (18091852). Denne forfatter har fået opført dramatikpå danske teatre, klik for at se liste. Gogol, NV Kosakhøvdingen, (1847, http://www.litteraturpriser.dk/1850/russisk.htm

Til hovedside for titeloversigt. Titler af forfatteren i perioden 1500-1908. Uprægnante titler og anonyme værker kan mangle. Året angiver seneste oplag. Originalsprog russisk antologier flere sprog antologi: Udvalgte antologi: Fra Rusland, ( Achscharumof, N., se Aksakof, S. T. (1791-1859) Aksakof, S. T.: En , roman) Avenarius, V. P.: Russiske Eventyr og Historier, ( , roman) Achscharumof, N.: Denne forfatter har fået opført dramatik på danske teatre, klik for at se liste Elskovsdrikken Beniczsky, H. Beniczsky, H.: Nihilistinden , roman) Marlinsky (Bestuzjef).: Ammalet Beg, ( , roman) Bestuzjef, A.: Mulla Nur, ( , roman) Bestuzjef, A., se Boborykin, P.: Fyrstinden , roman) Bulgarin, Th.: Iwan Wuishingin, ( Cajkovskij, Modest Il'ic, se Tjajkovskij, Modest Iljitj Cajkovskij, Petr Il'ic, se Tjajkovskij, Peter Iljitj Catharina den Anden, se Katarina II Cechov, Anton Pavlovic, se Tjekhov, Anton Dantjenko, N. Dantjenko, N.: Ad forskellige Veje, ( , roman) Dostojewskij, F. M.: Fattige Folk, ( , roman) originaltitel: [Arme mennesker], 1846 Dostojewskij, F. M.:

54. Nikolai Vasilievich Gogol : Definition From The Online Dictionary At Datasegment found From WordNet (r) 2.0 (August 2003) wn Nikolai Vasilievich Gogol n Russianwriter who introduced realism to Russian literature (18091852) syn Gogol http://onlinedictionary.datasegment.com/word/Nikolai Vasilievich Gogol

Online Dictionary N : nikolai vasilievich gogol Definition : nikolai vasilievich gogol 1 definition found nikolai vasilievich gogol WordNet (r) 2.0 (August 2003) : Nikolai Vasilievich Gogol n : Russian writer who introduced realism to Russian literature (1809-1852) [syn: Gogol , Nikolai Vasilievich Gogol] Page generated in: 17 ms

55. Index Gogol, Nikolai Vasilievich (18091852). Dead Souls Taras Bulba and Other Tales.Goldman, Emma (1869-1940). Anarchism and Other Essays http://www.eshu.cn/en3k/titles/index-g.htm

56. English Classics 3000 1832) Faust Hermann and Dorothea The Poems of Goethe The Sorrows of YoungWerther Gogol, Nikolai Vasilievich (18091852) Dead Souls http://book.nku.cn/book/english/g.html

57. Taras Bulba And Other Tales Gogol, Nikolai Vasilievich Creation of machinereadable version Charles Keller no greater creative mystery than Nikolai Vasil evich Gogol (1809-1852), http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/etcbin/toccer-new?id=GogTara&tag=public&images=ima

58. Fadiman And Major. New Lifetime Reading Plan, 4th Ed. Nikolai Vasilievich Gogol, 18091852. Dead Souls. Edgar Allan Poe, 1809-1849.Short Stories and Other Works. William Makepeace Thackeray, 1811-1863. http://www.interleaves.org/~rteeter/grtfad4.html

The New Lifetime Reading Plan by Clifton Fadiman and John S. Major (4th ed., 1997) Frequently Asked Questions Who wrote this list? See the heading above and the credit below to find out who wrote this list. If you don't like the selections in this list or the arrangement, take it up with the author(s). Why isn't my favorite author listed here? This list may not include your favorite author, but he or she may be on other Great Books lists. Check the author index to see. See the Great Books FAQ for more about the Great Books and these lists of them. Preface "We assume that nearly every reader of this book will own a Bible and be at least somewhat accustomed to reading it; there is nothing we might try to say about it that would not seem presumptuous." Part One Anonymous, ca. 2000 BCE. The Epic of Gilgamesh Homer, ca. 800 BCE. The Iliad Homer, ca. 800 BCE. The Odyssey Confucius, 551-479 BCE. The Analects Aeschylus, 525-456/5 BCE. The Oresteia Sophocles, 496-406 BCE. Oedipus Rex Oedipus at Colonus Antigone Euripides, 484-406 BCE.

59. Great Books: Author-Title Index: Authors E To G Gogol, Nikolai Vasilievich, Russian, 18091852. Complete Tales. Recommended byBloom; Dead Souls. Recommended by Bloom Fadiman 3 Fadiman 4 Meaningful http://www.interleaves.org/~rteeter/grtalphae.html

Great Books: Author-Title Index: Authors E to G This page tells you which authors and titles are included on which great books lists. For more information, see my Great Books page A-B C-D H-K ... U-Z Various Authors, Irish (Celtic), 8th C. Early Irish Epic (including the Ulster Cycle). Recommended by: Rexmo Various Authors, German, 20th C. East German Poetry: An Anthology . Recommended by: Ward Eberhart, Richard, American, 1904- . Collected Poems . Recommended by: Bloom Eça de Queiróz, José María, Portuguese, 1843-1900. The Sin of Father Amaro . Recommended by: Ward Dragon's Teeth . Recommended by: Ward The Maias . Recommended by: Bloom Ward Echegary, José, Spanish, 1832-1916. Nobel Laureate Works. Eddas, See Poetic Edda Snorri Sturluson Eddington, Sir Arthur Stanley, English, 1882-1944. Th Expanding Universe . Recommended by: GBWW Edel, Leon, American, 1907-1997. Henry James (5 vols.). Recommended by: LAT Edgeworth, Maria, Irish, 1768-1849. Castle Rackrent . Recommended by: Bloom Edwards, G. B., English, 1899-1976. The Book of Ebenezer Le Page . Recommended by: Bloom Eich, Günter, Austrian, 1907-1972.

60. Introduction Page 1 contains no greater creative mystery than Nikolai Vasil evich Gogol (18091852),who has done for Gogol s Short Stories -by- Nikolai Vasilievich Gogol. http://www.web-books.com/Classics/Stories/Gogol/GogolC1P1.htm

Introduction Gogol's Short Stories -by- Nikolai Vasilievich Gogol Introduction Russian literature, so full of enigmas, contains no greater creative mystery than Nikolai Vasil'evich Gogol (1809-1852), who has done for the Russian novel and Russian prose what Pushkin has done for Russian poetry. Before these two men came Russian literature can hardly have been said to exist. It was pompous and effete with pseudo-classicism; foreign influences were strong; in the speech of the upper circles there was an over-fondness for German, French, and English words. Between them the two friends, by force of their great genius, cleared away the debris which made for sterility and erected in their stead a new structure out of living Russian words. The spoken word, born of the people, gave soul and wing to literature; only by coming to earth, the native earth, was it enabled to soar. Coming up from Little Russia, the Ukraine, with Cossack blood in his veins, Gogol injected his own healthy virus into an effete body, blew his own virile spirit, the spirit of his race, into its nostrils, and gave the Russian novel its direction to this very day. More than that. The nomad and romantic in him, troubled and restless with Ukrainian myth, legend, and song, impressed upon Russian literature, faced with the realities of modern life, a spirit titanic and in clash with its material, and produced in the mastery of this every-day material, commonly called sordid, a phantasmagoria intense with beauty. A clue to all Russian realism may be found in a Russian critic's observation about Gogol: "Seldom has nature created a man so romantic in bent, yet so masterly in portraying all that is unromantic in life." But this statement does not cover the whole ground, for it is easy to see in almost all of Gogol's work his "free Cossack soul" trying to break through the shell of sordid to-day like some ancient demon, essentially Dionysian. So that his works, true though they are to our life, are at once a reproach, a protest, and a challenge, ever calling for joy, ancient joy, that is no more with us. And they have all the joy and sadness of the Ukrainian songs he loved so much. Ukrainian was to Gogol "the language of the soul," and it was in Ukrainian songs rather than in old chronicles, of which he was not a little contemptuous, that he read the history of his people. Time and again, in his essays and in his letters to friends, he expresses his boundless joy in these songs: "O songs, you are my joy and my life! How I love you. What are the bloodless chronicles I pore over beside those clear, live chronicles! I cannot live without songs; they . . . reveal everything more and more clearly, oh, how clearly, gone-by life and gone-by men. . . . The songs of Little Russia are her everything, her poetry, her history, and her ancestral grave. He who has not penetrated them deeply knows nothing of the past of this blooming region of Russia." Indeed, so great was his enthusiasm for his own land that after collecting material for many years, the year 1833 finds him at work on a history of "poor Ukraine," a work planned to take up six volumes; and writing to a friend at this time he promises to say much in it that has not been said before him. Furthermore, he intended to follow this work with a universal history in eight volumes with a view to establishing, as far as may be gathered, Little Russia and the world in proper relation, connecting the two; a quixotic task, surely. A poet, passionate, religious, loving the heroic, we find him constantly impatient and fuming at the lifeless chronicles, which leave him cold as he seeks in vain for what he cannot find. "Nowhere," he writes in 1834, "can I find anything of the time which ought to be richer than any other in events. Here was a people whose whole existence was passed in activity, and which, even if nature had made it inactive, was compelled to go forward to great affairs and deeds because of its neighbours, its geographic situation, the constant danger to its existence. . . . If the Crimeans and the Turks had had a literature I am convinced that no history of an independent nation in Europe would prove so interesting as that of the Cossacks." Again he complains of the "withered chronicles"; it is only the wealth of his country's song that encourages him to go on with its history. Too much a visionary and a poet to be an impartial historian, it is hardly astonishing to note the judgment he passes on his own work, during that same year, 1834: "My history of Little Russia's past is an extraordinarily made thing, and it could not be otherwise." The deeper he goes into Little Russia's past the more fanatically he dreams of Little Russia's future. St. Petersburg wearies him, Moscow awakens no emotion in him, he yearns for Kieff, the mother of Russian cities, which in his vision he sees becoming "the Russian Athens." Russian history gives him no pleasure, and he separates it definitely from Ukrainian history. He is "ready to cast everything aside rather than read Russian history," he writes to Pushkin. During his seven-year stay in St. Petersburg (1829-36) Gogol zealously gathered historical material and, in the words of Professor Kotlyarevsky, "lived in the dream of becoming the Thucydides of Little Russia." How completely he disassociated Ukrainia from Northern Russia may be judged by the conspectus of his lectures written in 1832. He says in it, speaking of the conquest of Southern Russia in the fourteenth century by Prince Guedimin at the head of his Lithuanian host, still dressed in the skins of wild beasts, still worshipping the ancient fire and practising pagan rites: "Then Southern Russia, under the mighty protection of Lithuanian princes, completely separated itself from the North. Every bond between them was broken; two kingdoms were established under a single nameRussiaone under the Tatar yoke, the other under the same rule with Lithuanians. But actually they had no relation with one another; different laws, different customs, different aims, different bonds, and different activities gave them wholly different characters." This same Prince Guedimin freed Kieff from the Tatar yoke. This city had been laid waste by the golden hordes of Ghengis Khan and hidden for a very long time from the Slavonic chronicler as behind an impenetrable curtain. A shrewd man, Guedimin appointed a Slavonic prince to rule over the city and permitted the inhabitants to practise their own faith, Greek Christianity. Prior to the Mongol invasion, which brought conflagration and ruin, and subjected Russia to a two-century bondage, cutting her off from Europe, a state of chaos existed and the separate tribes fought with one another constantly and for the most petty reasons. Mutual depredations were possible owing to the absence of mountain ranges; there were no natural barriers against sudden attack. The openness of the steppe made the people war-like. But this very openness made it possible later for Guedimin's pagan hosts, fresh from the fir forests of what is now White Russia, to make a clean sweep of the whole country between Lithuania and Poland, and thus give the scattered princedoms a much-needed cohesion. In this way Ukrainia was formed. Except for some forests, infested with bears, the country was one vast plain, marked by an occasional hillock. Whole herds of wild horses and deer stampeded the country, overgrown with tall grass, while flocks of wild goats wandered among the rocks of the Dnieper. Apart from the Dnieper, and in some measure the Desna, emptying into it, there were no navigable rivers and so there was little opportunity for a commercial people. Several tributaries cut across, but made no real boundary line. Whether you looked to the north towards Russia, to the east towards the Tatars, to the south towards the Crimean Tatars, to the west towards Poland, everywhere the country bordered on a field, everywhere on a plain, which left it open to the invader from every side. Had there been here, suggests Gogol in his introduction to his never-written history of Little Russia, if upon one side only, a real frontier of mountain or sea, the people who settled here might have formed a definite political body. Without this natural protection it became a land subject to constant attack and despoliation. "There where three hostile nations came in contact it was manured with bones, wetted with blood. A single Tatar invasion destroyed the whole labour of the soil-tiller; the meadows and the cornfields were trodden down by horses or destroyed by flame, the lightly-built habitations reduced to the ground, the inhabitants scattered or driven off into captivity together with cattle. It was a land of terror, and for this reason there could develop in it only a warlike people, strong in its unity and desperate, a people whose whole existence was bound to be trained and confined to war." Gogol's Short Stories -by- Nikolai Vasilievich Gogol

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