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42. Rene Descartes (1596 - 1650) René Descartes (1596 1650). From `A Short Account of the History of Mathematics (4thedition, 1908) by WW Rouse Ball. We may consider Descartes as the http://www.maths.tcd.ie/pub/HistMath/People/Descartes/RouseBall/RB_Descartes.htm

From `A Short Account of the History of Mathematics' (4th edition, 1908) by W. W. Rouse Ball. We may consider Descartes as the first of the modern school of mathematics. was born near Tours on March 31, 1596, and died at Stockholm on February 11, 1650; thus he was a contemporary of Galileo and Desargues. His father, who, as the name implies, was of good family, was accustomed to spend half the year at Rennes when the local parliament, in which he held a commission as councillor, was in session, and the rest of the time on his family estate of Les Cartes He resigned his commission in the spring of 1621, and spent the next five years in travel, during most of which time he continued to study pure mathematics. In 1626 we find him settled at Paris, ``a little well-built figure, modestly clad in green taffety, and only wearing sword and feather in token of his quality as a gentleman.'' During the first two years there he interested himself in general society, and spent his leisure in the construction of optical instruments; but these pursuits were merely the relaxations of one who failed to find in philosophy that theory of the universe which he was convinced finally awaited him. In 1628 Cardinal de Berulle, the founder of the Oratorians, met Descartes, and was so much impressed by his conversation that he urged on him the duty of devoting his life to the examination of truth. Descartes agreed, and the better to secure himself from interruption moved to Holland, then at the height of his power. There for twenty years he lived, giving up all his time to philosophy and mathematics. Science, he says, may be compared to a tree; metaphysics is the root, physics is the trunk, and the three chief branches are mechanics, medicine, and morals, these forming the three applications of our knowledge, namely, to the external world, to the human body, and to the conduct of life.

43. René Descartes [Internet Encyclopedia Of Philosophy] René Descartes (15961650) is one of the most important Western philosophers ofthe past few centuries. During his lifetime, Descartes was just as famous as http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/d/descarte.htm

René Descartes (1596-1650) René Descartes (1596-1650) is one of the most important Western philosophers of the past few centuries. During his lifetime, Descartes was just as famous as an original physicist, physiologist and mathematician. But it is as a highly original philosopher that he is most frequently read today. He attempted to restart philosophy in a fresh direction. For example, his philosophy refused to accept the Aristotelian and Scholastic traditions that had dominated philosophical thought throughout the Medieval period; it attempted to fully integrate philosophy with the "new" sciences; and Descartes changed the relationship between philosophy and theology. Such new directions for philosophy made Descartes into a revolutionary figure. The two most widely known of Descartes' philosophical ideas are those of a method of hyperbolic doubt, and the argument that, though he may doubt, he cannot doubt that he exists. The first of these comprises a key aspect of Descartes' philosophical method. As noted above, he refused to accept the authority of previous philosophers - but he also refused to accept the obviousness of his own senses. In the search for a foundation for philosophy, whatever could be doubted must be rejected. He resolves to trust only that which is clearly and distinctly seen to be beyond any doubt. In this manner, Descartes peels away the layers of beliefs and opinions that clouded his view of the truth. But, very little remains, only the simple fact of doubting itself, and the inescapable inference that something exists doubting, namely Descartes himself.

44. Descartes, René (1596-1650) -- From Eric Weisstein's World Of Scientific Biogra Descartes, René (15961650) Descartes believed that matter had no inherentqualities, but was simply the brute stuff which occupied space. http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/Descartes.html

Branch of Science Philosophers Nationality French French scientific philosopher who developed a theory known as the mechanical philosophy. This philosophy was highly influential until superseded by Newton's methodology, and maintained, for example, that the universe was a plenum in which no vacuum could exist. Descartes believed that matter had no inherent qualities, but was simply the "brute stuff" which occupied space. He divided reality into the res cognitas (consciousness, mind) and res extensa (matter, extension). In (1664) and (1649), he expounded the view that an animal was an automaton lacking both sensation and self-awareness, and that only man was endowed with a soul. Descartes also generalized Harvey's mechanical interpretation of circulation, believing that the heart is an automatic mechanical pump. Descartes also believed that colors were caused by the rotation of "spheres" of light, using the tennis ball as a model of a spinning sphere. Unlike Newton , Descartes believed that white light was the pristine form. Descartes gave the first formulation of what is now known as Snell's law of refraction Descartes believed that God created the universe as a perfect clockwork mechanism of vortical motion that functioned deterministically thereafter without intervention.

45. CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Rene Descartes Visit New Advent for the Summa Theologica, Church Fathers, Catholic Encyclopediaand more. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04744b.htm

Home Encyclopedia Summa Fathers ... Z (Renatus Cartesius), philosopher and scientist, born at La Haye France, 31 March, 1596; died at Stockholm, Sweden, 11 February 1650. He studied at the Jesuit Galileo frightened Descartes who preferred to avoid all collision with ecclesiastical authority. He deferred the publication of this clever work without, however, losing hope of eventually bringing it out. In 1649, yielding to the entreaties of Queen Christina, he went to Sweden, and died at Stockholm of inflammation of the lungs. Descartes' work is important rather because of its quality than of its quantity. Let us see first of all wherein his method is new. He observed, as Bacon Aristotle Bacon Bacon ... Baconian method (letter to Mersenne, 1631), and acts accordingly. He put himself in touch with all the experimental work of his day (letter, April, 1632), urged others to take up research (letter to Mersenne, 1632), and carried on experiments of his own that covered a wide range of subjects: the weight of air (letter, 2 June, 1631), the laws of sound and light (letter, 1633); the essential differences between oils, spirits, eaux-de-vie, common waters, aquafortis, and salts. He dissected the heads of various animals to show the workings of memory and imagination (cf. letters to Mersenne, 1633 April, 1637; 13 November, 1639; 4 January, 1643, ed. Cousin, Paris, 1826). There was hardly a fact that escaped this apologist of Reason nor anything into whose hidden nature he did not inquire; even the "Chasse de Pan" he followed with his accustomed ardour.

46. Descartes Biography of René Descartes (15961650) René Descartes was a philosopherwhose work, La géométrie, includes his application of algebra to geometry from http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Descartes.html

Born: 31 March 1596 in La Haye (now Descartes),Touraine, France Died: 11 Feb 1650 in Stockholm, Sweden Click the picture above to see twelve larger pictures Show birthplace location Previous (Chronologically) Next Biographies Index Previous (Alphabetically) Next Main index Version for printing was a philosopher whose work, , includes his application of algebra to geometry from which we now have Cartesian geometry. Clavius . While in the school his health was poor and he was granted permission to remain in bed until 11 o'clock in the morning, a custom he maintained until the year of his death. School had made Descartes understand how little he knew, the only subject which was satisfactory in his eyes was mathematics. This idea became the foundation for his way of thinking, and was to form the basis for all his works. Descartes spent a while in Paris, apparently keeping very much to himself, then he studied at the University of Poitiers. He received a law degree from Poitiers in 1616 then enlisted in the military school at Breda. In 1618 he started studying mathematics and mechanics under the Dutch scientist Isaac Beeckman, and began to seek a unified science of nature. After two years in Holland he travelled through Europe. Then in 1619 he joined the Bavarian army. From 1620 to 1628 Descartes travelled through Europe, spending time in Bohemia (1620), Hungary (1621), Germany, Holland and France (1622-23). He spent time in 1623 in Paris where he made contact with

47. Descartes I INTRODUCTION Descartes, René (15961650), French philosopher, scientist, andmathematician, sometimes called the father of modern philosophy. http://www.connect.net/ron/descartes.html

Descartes, René (1596-1650) Special thanks to the Microsoft Corporation for their contribution to my site. The following information came from Microsoft Encarta. Here is a hyperlink to the Microsoft Encarta home page: http://www.encarta.msn.com I INTRODUCTION (1596-1650), French philosopher, scientist, and mathematician, sometimes called the father of modern philosophy. see It was probably during the first years of his residence in the Netherlands that Descartes wrote his first major work, Essais philosophiques (Philosophical Essays), published in 1637. The work contained four parts: an essay on geometry, another on optics, a third on meteors, and (Discourse on Method), which described his philosophical speculations. This was followed by other philosophical works, among them Meditationes de Prima Philosophia (Meditations on First Philosophy, 1641; revised 1642) and Principia Philosophiae (The Principles of Philosophy, 1644). The latter volume was dedicated to Princess Elizabeth Stuart of Bohemia, who lived in the Netherlands and with whom Descartes had formed a deep friendship. In 1649 Descartes was invited to the court of Queen Christina of Sweden in Stockholm to give the queen instruction in philosophy. The rigors of the northern winter brought on the pneumonia that caused his death in 1650. II PHILOSOPHY Descartes attempted to apply the rational inductive methods of science, and particularly of mathematics, to philosophy. Before his time, philosophy had been dominated by the method of Scholasticism, which was entirely based on comparing and contrasting the views of recognized authorities. Rejecting this method, Descartes stated, "In our search for the direct road to truth, we should busy ourselves with no object about which we cannot attain a certitude equal to that of the demonstration of arithmetic and geometry." He therefore determined to hold nothing true until he had established grounds for believing it true. The single sure fact from which his investigations began was expressed by him in the famous words

48. Ren‚ Descartes (1596-1650). René Descartes (15961650). Descartes was a French mathematician and philosopher.It was Descartes who formulated the axiom, Cogito ergo sum, http://www.blupete.com/Literature/Biographies/Philosophy/Descartes.htm

René Descartes Descartes was a French mathematician and philosopher. It was Descartes who formulated the axiom, Cogito ergo sum , "I think therefore I exist." Descartes was a product of the church and his philosophy reflected the times in which he lived. Descartes was a dualist , viz., a man was of two natures, a spiritual nature and a temporal nature. Now whether this was a belief held deeply, might be a matter of some question, what is clear is that he would have professed his beliefs, such, that, they were in keeping with the doctrine of the time, as promulgated by the all powerful church. As a dualist, Descartes, would have accepted that there exists a priori truths (truths not derived from experience; truths such as the existence of God). And, while Descartes accepted some ideas were developed from experience, he was steadfast in his belief that certain ideas were innate. By pure deduction Descartes evolved for himself entire universes that neither he, nor anyone else, could perceive by the use of their natural senses. All that was necessary, for Descartes, was intense self examination and intense reason, and, through this process, all would be revealed. Descartes, it would seem, in his philosophical work, continued along the same lines of the church philosophers:

49. Island Of Freedom - René Descartes René Descartes. 15961650. PLACES René Descartes (1596-1650) René DescartesWORKS Discourse on Method Meditations on First Philosophy http://www.island-of-freedom.com/DESCARTE.HTM

Island of Freedom Plato Aristotle Aurelius Plotinus ... Wittgenstein To make light of philosophy is to be a true philosopher. Blaise Pascal Home Theologians Philosophers Poets ... Siddhartha René Descartes PLACES: René Descartes (1596-1650) René Descartes WORKS: Discourse on Method Meditations on First Philosophy It was probably during the first years of his residence in the Netherlands that Descartes wrote his first major work, Essais philosophiques Philosophical Essays ), published in 1637. The work contained four parts: an essay on geometry, another on optics, a third on meteors, and Discours de la méthode Discourse on Method ), which described his philosophical speculations. This was followed by other philosophical works, among them Meditationes de Prima Philosophia Meditations on First Philosophy , 1641; revised 1642) and Principia Philosophiae The Principles of Philosophy , 1644). The latter volume was dedicated to Princess Elizabeth Stuart of Bohemia, who lived in the Netherlands and with whom Descartes had formed a deep friendship. In 1649 Descartes was invited to the court of Queen Christina of Sweden in Stockholm to give the queen instruction in philosophy; in this year he also published the work called The Passions of the Soul . The next year, however, the rigors of the northern winter brought on the pneumonia that caused his death on February 11, 1650.

50. René Descartes (1596-1650) La Querelle d Utrecht René Descartes et Martin Schoock (1988). Interpretativestudies of Descartes s separate works include René Descartes, http://www.hfac.uh.edu/gbrown/philosophers/leibniz/BritannicaPages/Descartes/Des

born March 31, 1596, La Haye, Touraine, France died February 11, 1650, Stockholm, Sweden Latin Renatius Cartesius Family and regional background Descartes was born in La Haye (now Descartes), France. Although La Haye was in Touraine, Descartes's family connections were south across the Creuse River in Poitou Poitiers Education, travels, and early influences Henri IV. (1553-1610) In 1614 Descartes went to Poitiers , where he took a law degree in 1616. At this time Huguenot Poitiers was in virtual revolt against Louis XIII. Descartes's father probably expected him to enter Parlement, but, because the legal age for that was 27, Descartes had seven years to wait. In 1618 he went to Breda in the Netherlands for 15 months as a student in mathematics and military architecture in the peacetime army of the Protestant ruler, Maurice, prince of Orange. There Descartes met the physicist Isaac Beeckman, who encouraged him in science and mathematics and for whom Descartes wrote his Musicae Compendium (written 1618, published 1650; Compendium of Music During the period 1619 to 1628, Descartes traveled in northern and southern Europe, saying that he was studying the book of the world. While in Bohemia in 1619, he had three dreams that defined for him his career as a scientist and a philosopher seeking knowledge for the benefit of humanity. By 1620 he had conceived of a universal method of deductive reasoning, applicable to all the sciences. He had also investigated reports of esoteric knowledge such as theosophical claims to command nature. Although disappointed with the followers of the magician Raymond Lulle and the alchemist Cornelius Agrippa, Descartes was impressed by the German mathematician and Rosicrucian Johann Faulhaber.

51. René Descartes (1596-1650) http://www.hfac.uh.edu/gbrown/philosophers/leibniz/BritannicaPages/Descartes/Des

52. Malaspina Great Books - Rene Descartes (1596) Other Online Catalogs Rene Descartes. External Links, Research Links LiteratureRene Descartes Research Links - Science Rene Descartes http://www.malaspina.com/site/person_409.asp

Biography and Research Links: Please wait for Page to Load or Rene Descartes (1596-1650)

53. René Descartes, 1596-1650 Because Descartes (15961650) is clearly one of the most celebrated intellectsin the western intellectual tradition, you will find a great deal of http://www.historyguide.org/earlymod/descartes.html

René Descartes, 1596-1650 Because Descartes is clearly one of the most celebrated intellects in the western intellectual tradition, you will find a great deal of information about him on the Internet. For biographical details, be sure to consult the relevant articles at the MacTutor , Clodius Piat's discussion in The Catholic Encyclopedia and a short piece at the ILTweb Study Place . The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy has an excellent and very thorough article about Descartes. The Galileo Project at Rice University also contains an important Descartes " fact sheet ." And don't forget to read W. W. Rouse Ball's essay on Descartes from A Short Account of the History of Mathematics (4th ed., 1908). The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy includes on essay on Descartes' epistemology and at Bryn Mawr you can find the essay, René Descartes and the Legacy of Mind/Body Dualism We are indeed fortunate that some thoughtful soul has made the Discourse on Method available in HTML format. The

54. René Descartes | Philosopher Lucidcafé s Profile of Rene Descartes. René Descartes Philosopher. 1596 1650.If you would be a real seeker after truth, http://www.lucidcafe.com/library/96mar/descartes.html

var dc_PublisherID = 72; var dc_UnitID = 14; var dc_AdLinkColor = 'blue'; Resources Menu Categorical Index Library Gallery Philosopher If you would be a real seeker after truth, it is necessary that at least once in your life you doubt, as far as possible, all things. was born on March 31, 1596 in Touraine, France. He became one of the most important and influential thinkers in human history, and is sometimes called the founder of modern philosophy. From 1606 until 1614, Descartes attended La Fleche, a Jesuit college in Anjou. He spent the following two years in Paris studying mathematics, and being introduced to fashionable French society. In 1616, he began the study of law at University of Poitiers, but in 1617, set out for the Netherlands where he volunteered in the Dutch army. Over the following eleven years Descartes travelled throughout Europe, settling in the Netherlands in 1628. He completed two additional years of education in the Dutch cities of Franeker and Leyden. Descartes later claimed that his formal education provided little of substance, and that only mathematics, any real knowledge. Descartes published his major philosophical work, "

55. René Descartes (1596-1650) René Descartes (15961650) was an early theorist who particularly focused onrational thought. http://changingminds.org/explanations/research/theorists/rene_descartes.htm

Changing Minds .org How we change what others think, believe, feel and do Home Disciplines Techniques Principles ... Site Map Changing Minds Web Books and more at: USA: My special deals for you UK: Canada: René Descartes (1596-1650) Explanations Social Research Theorists Key points ... See also Key points Challenge of knowledge based on authority, sense and reason. Key text: Key philosophies: Rationalism Empiricism Discussion Descartes used doubt as critical tool, probing all ideas for weaknesses, and as such was an early presage of Popper's falsification. He saw 'Human consciousness as the source of knowledge' and was particularly focussed on using reason, rationality and logic. He ring-fenced areas of knowledge, leading to separate specialisations (which has since driven science) and thus breaking former holistic views of nature. He separated the mind and the body, but paid due attention to religion, as Bacon , and provided reasoned existence for God. (priest Nicholas Malebranche later re-connected mind and body by saying only God could separate them). His most famous saying: Cogito ergo sum. (I'm thinking about working on some maths :-)

56. MedHist: The Gateway To Internet Resources For The History Of Medicine Descartes, René 15961650 This Web site provides access to a trilingualedition of Meditations in first philosophy by René Descartes. http://medhist.ac.uk/browse/byname/02c8143e1d35c89f04f2959c5e9bc98b.html

low graphics The gateway to Internet resources for the History of Medicine Descartes' meditations This Web site provides access to a trilingual edition of Meditations in first philosophy Philosophy Mind-Body Relations (Metaphysics) Books Psychology ... James, William 1842-1910

57. MedHist: UK's Gateway To Resources For The History Of Medicine James, William 18421910; Descartes, René 1596-1650;. Time coverage 19th CenturyCE; 18th Century CE; 17th Century CE; http://medhist.ac.uk/text/browse/byname/02c8143e1d35c89f04f2959c5e9bc98b.html

high graphics MedHist home search browse about ... Descartes' meditations This Web site provides access to a trilingual edition of Meditations in first philosophy Philosophy Mind-Body Relations (Metaphysics) Books Psychology ... The Wellcome Trust

58. Descartes, René (1596-1650) - MavicaNET René Descartes (15961650). Works Discourse on Method. Biography of ReneDescartes (1596-1650). eng . PDC René Descartes Vie, philosophie et http://www.mavicanet.com/directory/eng/7390.html

selCatSelAlt="Deselect category"; selCatDesAlt="Select category"; selSitSelAlt="Deselect site"; selSitDesAlt="Select site"; MavicaNET - Multilingual Search Catalog MavicaNet Lite - Light version Catalog Belarusian Bulgarian Croatian Czech Danish Dutch English Estonian Finnish French German Greek Hungarian Icelandic Irish Italian Latvian Lithuanian Norwegian Polish Portuguese Romanian Russian Serbian (cyr.) Serbian (lat.) Slovak Spanish Swedish Turkish Ukrainian Culture Philosophy By Periods and Regions French Philosophy ... Mathematics: France Descartes, René (1596-1650) Sites Sister categories ... Archimedes Aristotle (384-322 BC) Bacon, Roger (near 1214-1292) Bayle, Pierre (1647-1706) Beauvoir, Simone de (1908-1986... Bergson, Henri Louis (1859-194... Boole, George Bosanquet, Bernard (1848-1923) Camus, Albert (1913-1960) Chebyshev, Pafnuty Cioran, Emil (1911-1995) Confucius (Kong Fu Zi) Deleuze, Gilles (1925–1995) Derrida, Jacques (1930- ) Diderot, Denis (1713-1784) Euclid Euler, Leonhard Fermat and his Last Theorem Fichte, Johann Gottlieb (1762-... Foucault, Michel (1926-1984)

59. Rene Descartes: 1596 - 1650 René Descartes was a philosopher whose work, La géométrie, includes his applicationof algebra to geometry from which we now have Cartesian geometry. http://www.york.cuny.edu/~math/mathpeople/Descartes

Born: 31 March 1596 in La Haye (now Descartes),Touraine, France Died: 11 Feb 1650 in Stockholm, Sweden René Descartes was a philosopher whose work, La géométrie, includes his application of algebra to geometry from which we now have Cartesian geometry. Learn more.

60. Rene Des-Cartes  (1596 - 1650) - Determining Rosicrucian Affiliation w Determining Rosicrucian Affiliation René DesCartes (1596 - 1650) The friendships that Descartes made with various Rosicrucian at an early age were http://www.crcsite.org/affiliation.htm

Rosicrucian Library Contemporary Writings w Benedict Spinoza - Philosopher, Mystic, Rosicrucian w Determining Rosicrucian Affiliation René Des-Cartes (1596 - 1650) w w Perspective: The Importance of Versatility w Simon Studion, 1543-1605 ( ? ) w The R+C Legacy: Dr.John Dee w The Tomb of CRC Printer version Determining Rosicrucian Affiliation René Des-Cartes (1596 - 1650) From the book "Awakened Attitude" by Gary L Stewart. For more information on the book see the publisher In identifying certain historical persons involved with Rosicrucianism we need to keep in mind that because of various religious and political persecutions of centuries past, Rosicrucians, for obvious reasons, were sworn to secrecy regarding their membership. Even known Rosicrucian apologists such as Robert Fludd and Michael Maier never publicly verified their Rosicrucian affiliation. And yet, we know that a number of historical figures were Rosicrucian, and if one looks closely there are various references suggesting Rosicrucian affiliation that are often overlooked by historians as being insignificant. For example, the Royal Society of today is derived from the efforts of a group of known Rosicrucians: Theodore Haak, John Pell, and Samuel Hartlib, to name but a few. The group was first known as the "Invisible College," later as the "Rosicrucian College," and finally as the "Royal Society" a name conferred by King Charles II in 1662.

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