61. Facts About U.S. Money Currency paper is composed of 25 percent linen and 75 percent Cotton. Judson W. Lyons, William T. Vernon, and James C. Napier) and one African American http://www.factmonster.com/ipka/A0774850.html

Home U.S. People Word Wise ... Homework Center Fact Monster Favorites Hurricane Katrina Children as Authors Children Inventors The Doctor's In ... 2006 TFK Almanac Reference Desk Atlas Almanacs Dictionary Encyclopedia ... Money Facts About U.S. Money Source: U.S. Treasury, Bureau of Engraving and Printing, Web: www.bep.treas.gov Have you ever wondered ... If you had 10 billion $1 notes and spent one every second of every day, it would require 317 years for you to go broke. When was paper money was first printed in the U.S.? The U.S. Department of the Treasury first issued paper U.S. currency in 1862 to make up for the shortage of coins and to finance the Civil War. There was a shortage of coins because people had started hoarding them; the uncertainty caused by the war had made the value of items fluctuate drastically. Because coins were made of gold and silver their value didn't change much, so people wanted to hang onto them rather than buy items that might lose their value. What denominations of bills were first printed? The first paper notes were printed in denominations of 1 cent, 5 cents, 25 cents, and 50 cents.

62. The Factory Question The reign of George III; the reign of George IV; the reign of William IV; A Cotton mill. Both the 1802 Health and Morals of Apprentices Act and the 1819 http://dspace.dial.pipex.com/town/terrace/adw03/peel/factmine/factory.htm

The Peel Web Please note that this web site will soon move to a new location at http://www.historyhome.co.uk The Factory Question Background Earlier factory legislation had aimed primarily at limiting child (that is, 'pauper' child) labour, especially in cotton factories. In 1794 the magistrates at the Lancashire Quarter Sessions passed a resolution that makes it clear that some authorities tried to protect the children in their care by not allowing them to be apprenticed to masters who would work them for long hours. This was before the passing of the first Factory Act. A cotton mill Both the 1802 Health and Morals of Apprentices Act and the 1819 Factory Act had failed to provide for an adequate inspection and enforcement of the Acts. Legislation that placed age restrictions on employment was difficult to administer prior to the 1836 Registration Act because before that, there were no birth certificates. The 1825 Hobhouse Act had allowed the employment of 'free' children beyond the legal hours if the parents of the child consented. It was difficult to differentiate between a 'pauper' and a 'free' child. By 1830, the government was made aware of a number of problems in factories, with which it intended to deal. Factory problems The problems which existed in factories were highlighted by the Parliamentary Select Committee of 1833 and the Royal Commission: many were identified and included excessive hours : 6 a.m. to 7 p.m. and

63. Modern History Sourcebook: William Radcliffe: Power Looms, 1828 sized and ready for the loom, (being the first who sold Cotton twist in that state, From William Radcliffe, Origin of the New System of Manufacture, http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1828looms.html

Back to Modern History SourceBook Modern History Sourcebook: William Radcliffe: On Power Looms, 1828 From 1789 to 1794, my chief business was the sale of muslin warps, sized and ready for the loom, (being the first who sold cotton twist in that state, chiefly to Mr Oldknow, the father of the muslin trade in our country.) Some warps I sent to Glasgow and Paisley. I also manufactured a few muslins myself, and had a warehouse in Manchester for my general business.... . . . the operative weavers on machine yarns, both as cottagers and small farmers, even with three times their former rents, they might be truly said to be placed in a higher state of "wealth, peace, and godliness," by the great demand for, and high price of, their labour, than they had ever before experienced. Their dwellings and small gardens clean and neat, - all the family well clad, - the men with each a watch in his pocket, and the women dressed to their own fancy, - the church crowded to excess every Sunday, - every house well furnished with a clock in elegant mahogany or fancy case, - handsome tea services in Staffordshire ware, with silver or plated sugar-tongs and spoons, - Birmingham, Potteries, and Sheffield wares for necessary use and ornament, wherever a corner cupboard or shelf could be placed to

64. William Dunavant Says: Overproduction Thwarts Cotton Price Upturn Overproduction of Cotton in the US and around the world will continue to depress prices and the new farm bill should encourage farmers to switch more land http://westernfarmpress.com/mag/farming_william_dunavant_says/

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65. EH.Net Encyclopedia: The Cotton Gin William H. Phillips, University of South Carolina. The Cotton gin developed by Eli Whitney in 1793 marked a major turning point in the economic history of http://www.eh.net/encyclopedia/?article=phillips.cottongin

66. Resume For William R. Cotton, CSA, Inc. Photo of William R. Cotton President Principal Engineering Geologist. Registration. Registered Geologist in California, RG 3047 http://www.cottonshires.com/about_us/res_william_r_cotton.html

Printable Page Employee Profiles: Principals William R. Cotton President Principal Engineering Geologist Registration Registered Geologist in California, RG 3047 Certified Engineering Geologist in California, CEG 882 Education M.S., Geology: San Jose State University, California, 1967 B.A., Geology: San Jose State University, California, 1962 Areas of Specialty Investigation and repair of unstable hillsides; seismic site assessment; geotechnical peer review; utilization of geotechnical data in the community development process; litigation and mediation support Representative Experience Mr. Cotton has studied the impacts of landslides and seismic hazards for his entire career, including post-earthquake observations and investigations following the 1971 San Fernando, 1983 Coalinga, 1984 Morgan Hill, and 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. He continues to be active in geologic research, and has performed numerous detailed surface and subsurface geologic investigations of active and potentially active faults, with the support of the U.S. Geological Survey, to determine the size and recurrence interval of late Quaternary earthquakes. Professional History President, Principal Engineering Geologist, 1974 - Present; Cotton, Shires and Associates, Inc., Los Gatos, California

67. William Wilson William Wilson was a doctor in Manchester. Before being employed by Mr. Douglas, about the 18th of May last, visit any Cottonfactories in Manchester? http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/IRwilson.htm

William Wilson Spartacus USA History British History Second World War ... Email William Wilson w as a doctor in Manchester . Before being employed by Mr. Douglas, Wilson had signed petitions in favour of legislation to protect children working in factories. Dr. Wilson was interviewed by Lord Kenyon's House of Lords Committee on 29th May, 1818. Child Labour Debate Activity (International School of Toulouse) Child Labour Simulation (Spartacus Educational) (1) William Wilson was interviewed by Lord Kenyon's House of Lords Committee on 29th May, 1818. Question : Did you, about the 18th of May last, visit any cotton-factories in Manchester? Answer: Yes. Question: How many did you visit? Answer: Sixteen. Question: What induced you to visit them at that time? Answer: I was requested by Mr. Douglas. He is a merchant in Manchester, and chairman of the committee of cotton-spinners.

68. Bill Saslaw's Home Page William C. Saslaw, Professor Recently, he and Bill Cotton (NRAO) have used the VLBA to study microlensing by galactic stars of distant radio galaxies. http://www.astro.virginia.edu/people/faculty/wcs/

William C. Saslaw, Professor Email: wcs@virginia.edu Phone: Fax: Office: 235 Astronomy Building Address: Department of Astronomy PO Box 3818 Charlottesville, VA 22903 Curriculum Vitae Ph.D., Cambridge University Presently: Professor, University of Virginia Scientific staff, NRAO Research Interests Cosmology Radio galaxies Stellar dynamics Recent Research Assistants Former Fan Fang (Ph.D., 1997) Courses Recently Taught Astronomy 124 Astronomy 451 Astronomy 548 Astronomy 836 Mr. Saslaw's research focuses primarily on gravitational clustering in the formation of large scale structure. He has a dual appointment at UVa and at NRAO, and keeps up active collaboration with NRAO scientists. Recently, he and Bill Cotton (NRAO) have used the VLBA to study microlensing by galactic stars of distant radio galaxies. He recently wrote a monograph entitled "The Distribution of the Galaxies: Gravitational Clustering in Cosmology," which has been published by Cambridge University Press. Selected Recent Papers and Preprints High-Redshift Galaxy Clustering and Omega-nought , W. C. Saslaw and E. H. James 2000, ApJ, 534, p. 1

69. Robert Cotton, 1571-1631 On 20 May, Sir Edward Montagu and Henry Cotton went with William Hakewill and Sir Roger Owen to research in Cotton s library. http://www.montaguemillennium.com/familyresearch/h_1631_cotton.htm

Robert Bruce Cotton, 1571-1631 Librarian, record-keeper, one of the founders of modern government and rule by precedence and common-law. His 1000-book library significantly changes history. [image] Son of Thomas Cotton of Huntingdonshire (original family name was probably de Cotun ). Family had profited well by the dissolution of the monasteries and by marriage. They were neighbors and `kinsmen' of the Huntingdonshire Montagus (that is, the Duke of Manchester), and distant relatives of Robert the Bruce of Scotland (original family name was probably de Bruis de Broix de Brois , etc). Entered Jesus College, Cambridge, in 1581 and received his BA in 1585. Had begun `antiquarian studies' under William Camden at Westminster School before going to Cambridge. He began collecting notes on the history of Huntingdonshire county when he was seventeen and never stopped collecting information, specifically old government documents. His collection of records surpassed that of the government. He effectively established the first public law library, open government `public records', and what we might call today a scholarly `think-tank'. The DNB puts it thus: the library of Cotton House became the meeting-place of all the scholars of the country.

70. Bill Summary Status HR1622 A bill to provide that all United States Cotton producers Sponsor Rep Gray, William H., III PA2 (introduced 10/26/1987) Cosponsors (None) http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/?&Db=d100&querybd=@FIELD(FLD001 @4(Cotton)

71. Bill Summary Status to modify the tariff treatment of certain categories of raw Cotton. Sponsor Rep Thomas, William M. CA21 (introduced 6/10/1999) Cosponsors (None) http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/?&Db=d106&querybd=@FIELD(FLD001 @4(Cotton)

72. Unit 2: Early Industrialization as a Cotton gin builder and repairer, apprenticing him at age 10 to William What are similarities between the bill for fixing the Cotton gin and the http://invention.smithsonian.org/centerpieces/whole_cloth/u2ei/u2materials/eiPac

Student Activity Packet Activity #2: Fixing a Gin: Math and History at Your Desk Description In order to complete the activity worksheet, you will read a one-page introduction, look closely at a bill from an actual gin repairer, and study a diagram of how a cotton gin works. Introduction April Ellison was born in 1790, one of perhaps a dozen slaves on a plantation in South Carolina. His owner trained him as a cotton gin builder and repairer, apprenticing him at age 10 to William McCreight, a gin maker in Winnsboro, South Carolina. He worked as an apprentice in McCreight's gin building shop for about six years, learning how to work iron at the blacksmith's forge, how to use the tools of the machinist to turn and shape metal, and how to work wood at the carpenter's workbench. Ellison stayed at the shop for another eight or so years, working as a craftsman there. He married at age 21 or so, and at age 26 was given his freedom by his master. One of the first things he did was to change his name (April was a slave name) to William, the name of his former owner (and possibly, his father). And before long he went into business for himself, as a master cotton gin builder and fixer. Ellison was a successful businessman and mechanic. By 1860 he owned, in addition to his gin shop, a large plantation, and as many as 60 slaves. (It was unusual, but not impossible, for Africans in America to own slaves; some 3,800 black slave owners were registered in the 1840 Census.) Ellison is an example of a slave who, because of his technological and business skills, was able to earn his freedom and enjoy substantial financial success.

73. Penn State Department Of Meteorology · Faculty Page Harrington Harrington, Jerry Y. and Tamir Reisin, William R. Cotton and SM Kreidenweis, 1999 Exploratory cloud resolving simulations of arctic stratus. http://www.met.psu.edu/dept/faculty/Harrington.htm

74. William Cotton Abstract William R. Cotton Colorado State University Dept of Atmospheric Science Fort Collins, CO 805231371. Abstract. The so-called Twomey effect describes how http://www.met.psu.edu/dept/events/Cotton.html

75. USA/Africa: Cotton Dumping For earlier AfricaFocus Bulletins on the Cotton trade and related issues, see. Africa Cotton Update AfricaFocus Bulletin is edited by William Minter. http://www.africafocus.org/docs05/cot0503.php

news analysis advocacy tips on searching the web allafrica.com africaaction.org home subscribe unsubscribe about AfricaFocus Bulletin ... focus on a country Visit the AfricaFocus Country Pages Algeria Angola Benin ... Get AfricaFocus Bulletin by e-mail! More on health USA/Africa: Cotton Dumping AfricaFocus Bulletin Mar 23 2005 (050323) (Reposted from sources cited below) Editor's Note Pressure to reduce rich-country subsidies for agricultural exports ratchetted upward this month when the World Trade Organization (WTO) issued its final ruling that U.S. current payments to cotton farmers were illegal. The Bush administration's 2006 budget submitted to Congress proposes reduction in these subsidies by setting new upper limits on payments. But the outcome in Congress is uncertain, and African cotton farmers need more than promises of somewhat fairer terms for their exports in the distant future. This AfricaFocus Bulletin contains excerpts from a press release from Oxfam International on the latest WTO decision, calling for immediate action to eliminate the illegal subsidies as well as compensatory support for African cotton producers. It also contains excerpts from a February 2005 briefing by the Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy (IATP), on dumping of US agricultural exports at prices below the cost of production. The IATP briefing notes, as do Oxfam and other groups, that the issue of dumping by rich countries, undermining the prospects of African farmers, applies to other commodities as well as cotton. It also stresses that prices are depressed below the cost of production not only by government subsidies in rich countries but also by the monopoly market power of large commodity trading companies. Limiting the damage to small farmers requires not only reducing subsidies but also reviving international systems of commodity support.

76. Cabinet Magazine Online - Let There Be Rain: An Interview With William Cotton Dr. William Cotton, currently a professor at the Department of Atmospheric Science at Colorado State University, conducted research in the 70s on cloud http://www.cabinetmagazine.org/issues/3/letthereberain.php

Issue 18 - Fictional States Issue 17 - Laughter Issue 16 - The Sea Issue 15 - The Average ... Limited Editions Issue 3 Summer 2001 Let There Be Rain: An Interview with William Cotton Anna Grace In 1946, the long, colorful history of unscientific rainmaking came to an end with the first successful experiment to induce a cloud to rain. The promise of cloud seeding was never fulfilled on a large scale, however, and funding for experiments in the US has dried up. Dr. William Cotton, currently a professor at the Department of Atmospheric Science at Colorado State University, conducted research in the 70s on cloud seeding. Anna Grace talked to him over the phone about the physics and the potential future of cloud seeding. What is cloud seeding is and how does it work? In warm clouds in which the ice phase isn't active, the approach is to introduce hygroscopic materials like salt particles. These salt particles take on water vapor at saturation levels which are below 100% relative humidity and, basically, they swell. The main precipitation process in these warm clouds is called collision coalescence, in which slightly larger droplets collide with smaller droplets and get bigger and fall faster and collide with other little droplets until you get precipitation. The idea is that they can become big enough that they can initiate collision coalescence faster than nature does it. What criteria determine whether a cloud is a good candidate for seeding, and how are radar technologies used to determine these criteria?

77. The Chrysler Museum Of Art : Exhibitions - The Quilts Of Gee's Bend, October 15, Cotton 91 x 78 in. The William Arnett Collection of the Tinwood Alliance Synthetic knit and Cotton sacking material 87 x 70 in. The William Arnett http://www.chrysler.org/geesbend_archive.asp

The Quilts of Gee's Bend Highly Anticipated Exhibition Celebrates Multi-Generational Artistry of One Community in Southern Alabama October 15, 2004 through January 2, 2005 marks the first time these stunning quilts have been seen in a public forum. The exhibition has been shown to critical acclaim at such museums as the Whitney Museum of American Art in New York, the Corcoran Gallery in Washington, D.C., and most recently at the Cleveland Museum of Art. Now, the Chrysler brings these extraordinary creations to Hampton Roads. America Irby, "One Patch" caption : America Irby (American, 1916-1993) "One Patch" with patterning, tied, 1970 or 1971 Cotton 91 x 78 in. The William Arnett Collection of the Tinwood Alliance Annie Mae Young, "Work-clothes quilt with center medallian of strips" caption Annie Mae Young (American, b. 1928)

78. BOSTON - Lincolnshire UK. - These Names in New England 31 TAVERNE John friend of John FOXE 34 THAYER family descended from John Cotton, in New England 31 the Conqueror William gave Boston to http://www.genuki.org.uk/big/eng/LIN/Boston/BOSTON.txt

79. UCAR/AMS Curricula 2002 > Indices > Faculty Cotton, William R. Professor Colorado State University Cotton@atmos.colostate.edu. Crane, Robert , Dr. Professor Emeritus University of Oklahoma http://www.ametsoc.org/amsucar_curricula/curriculaFaculty.cfm?index=C

80. Julia Ward Howe By William H. Cotton And John Elliot To some extent, the likeness confirms this. Begun by John Elliot (1858–1925), finished by William H. Cotton (1880–1958) Oil on canvas, circa 1910 and circa http://www.civilwar.si.edu/leaders_howe.html

Oil on canvas, circa 1910 and circa 1925 National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution Transfer from the National Museum of American Art; gift of Mrs. John Elliot, 1933

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