41. Australian Astronomy - Astronomical Society Of Australia - Active Research Areas With Australia s strong history in astronomy, the field of astronomy history is also Gravitational Wave Astronomy Read more History of Astronomy http://www.astronomy.org.au/ngn/engine.php?SID=1000020&AID=100228

42. Science Astronomy History - Science Astronomy History - ABC.NET Web Directory Science astronomy history , web directory and search engine, featuring a directory of millions of links along with thumbnails of websites. http://www.abc.net/directory/Science/Astronomy/History/

HOME DIRECTORY META SEARCH NEWS ... World Search: search the entire directory search this category only Top Science Astronomy History ... Worldviews See also: Science: Astronomy: Education Science: Math: History Science: Physics: History Society: History: By Topic: Exploration: Space ... Society: History: By Topic: Science This category in other languages: Italian Spanish The €ryabhat­ya of €ryabhata - The oldest exact astronomic constant? The ratio of earth rotations to lunar orbits in Aryabhata's AD 498 writing. Astronomical References in the Ruba'iy¢t of Omar Khayyam - Excerpts and commentary with reproductions of some of Elihu Vedder's illustrations. Astronomy - Features history of discoveries and references. Astronomy in Japan - Historical and modern Japanese astronomy, and its place in Japanese culture Astronomy in Sweden 1860-1940 - From the Uppsala University Newsletter for History of Science. Astronomy in the 18th Century - Discusses the development of reflective telescopes during the 1700's. Covers the different types of mirrors and lens that were used during these times. Includes some key contributors to the improvement of the telescope during this period. Atlas Celeste - A rare celestial atlas discovered in the library of the Manchester Astronomical Society.

43. Dmoz.fr Science Astronomy History Science astronomy history Science astronomy history - Open Directory Project dmoz.fr. http://dmoz.fr/Science/Astronomy/History/

Science Astronomy History Dmoz.fr Annuaire Francophone Science Astronomy History : Science Astronomy History L'Open Directory Project est un et un annuaire francophone Version Fran§aise de Dmoz, annuaire francophone international DMOZ : ANGLAIS A propos de Dmoz proposer un site faire un lien ... aide sponsored links the entire directory only in Astronomy/History Top Science Astronomy : History Description Archaeoastronomy Eclipses, Occultations and Transits Instruments ... Worldviews See also: Science: Astronomy: Education Science: Math: History Science: Physics: History Society: History: By Topic: Exploration: Space ... Society: History: By Topic: Science This category in other languages: Italian Spanish The €ryabhat­ya of €ryabhata - The oldest exact astronomic constant? The ratio of earth rotations to lunar orbits in Aryabhata's AD 498 writing. Astronomical References in the Ruba'iy¢t of Omar Khayyam - Excerpts and commentary with reproductions of some of Elihu Vedder's illustrations. Astronomy - Features history of discoveries and references.

44. Dmoz.fr Science Astronomy History People Brahe, Tycho Science astronomy history People Brahe, Tycho Science astronomy history People Brahe, Tycho - Open Directory Project dmoz.fr. http://dmoz.fr/Science/Astronomy/History/People/Brahe,_Tycho/

Science Astronomy History People Brahe, Tycho Dmoz.fr Annuaire Francophone Science Astronomy History People Brahe, Tycho : Science Astronomy History People Brahe, Tycho L'Open Directory Project est un et un annuaire francophone Version Fran§aise de Dmoz, annuaire francophone international DMOZ : ANGLAIS A propos de Dmoz proposer un site faire un lien ... aide sponsored links the entire directory only in People/Brahe,_Tycho Top Science Astronomy History ... People : Brahe, Tycho This category in other languages: Danish Astronomi¦ Instaurat¦ Mechanica - Digital edition of orignal book, with illustrations and introduction. The astronomical instruments of Tycho Brahe - Exhibition from The Royal Library in Copenhagen. Includes scanned book pages, links and bibliograhy. Brahe, Tycho - Link collection, mainly biographies. Eric Weisstein's Treasure Trove of Scientific Biography: Brahe, Tycho - Short article with references. The Galileo Project: Tycho Brahe - Bibliographical essay. MacTutor History of Mathematics: Tycho Brahe - Short article of his life and work.

45. Hentschel / Wittmann: The Role Of Visual Representations In Astronomy: History A The Role of Visual Representations in astronomy history and Research Practice all kinds have always played a central role in the history of astronomy. http://www.harri-deutsch.de/verlag/titel/hentsche/s_1630.htm

Verlag Programm Astronomie The Role of Visual Representations in Astronomy: History and Research Practice Titel Reihe Acta Historica Astronomiae , Vol. 9: The Role of Visual Representations in Astronomy: History and Research Practice Herausgeber Klaus Hentschel, Axel D. Wittmann Extras Einband anschauen Internet-Link zum Titel: Internet-Seite zur Reihe an der Uni Bonn Zum Buch Astronomy would not exist without nonverbal representations: With the majority of celestial objects perceptible to us only by the light or radiations they emit, images of all kinds have always played a central role in the history of astronomy. From prehistoric sketches of the moon with a supernova or bright planet, star-charts in temples and tombs of the Ancients, celestial and lunar maps from the Middle Ages to modern photographs and spectrograms of sun, moon, and planets, two-dimensional images and three-dimensional models have always been an integral element of astronomy. Added to these are a variety of more technical charts and graphs, like the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram, the Maunder-type solar activity diagrams, the light curves of variable stars, the spectral atlases of the sun and the brightest stars, and so forth; and more recently, of course, there are the spectacular images obtained from large ground-based telescopes, satellite observatories, and deep space probes. This intimate relationship between science and image is not as straightforward, however, as it might at first seem. How direct is this graphic conversion of the subject of observation or registration by man or machine? What problems emerge in the translation process? Does this endless quest for ever better representational forms and ever better resolution have repercussions on the research practice? What is the impact of technological developments? How do astronomers and astrophysicists interact with their illustrators, engravers, lithographers, photographers and other graphic arts specialists? And how can these visual records from the past best be preserved?

46. [23.02] Celestial Visibility For Astronomy History 23.02 Celestial Visibility for astronomy history. BE Schaefer (Yale). The application of astronomy to history often requires detailed calculations of the http://www.aas.org/publications/baas/v30n4/aas193/354.htm

AAS Meeting #193 - Austin, Texas, January 1999 Session 23. Tools and Techniques of Data Collection and Reduction in Archaeoastronomy Oral, Wednesday, January 6, 1999, 10:00-11:30am, Room 9 (A and B) [Previous] [Session 23] [Next] [23.02] Celestial Visibility for Astronomy History B. E. Schaefer (Yale) The application of astronomy to history often requires detailed calculations of the visibility of celestial objects. Recent advances have greatly improved the accuracy, scope, and ease for making celestial visibility calculations. I will detail my recent results for heliacal rise dates and directions, extinction angles for rising stars, the dates of lunar crescent visibility, and the size of the ubiquitous refraction variations low on the horizon. Some simple resulting statistics will also be mentioned. Since the theory is complex and the observations are many, the results will be presented in a handout as graphs that cover most cases, references to the original articles, and complete computer programs. I hope to provide workers with the tools required to support their research. [Previous] [Session 23] [Next]

47. Today In Astronomy History TODAY IN astronomy history. http://www.iolaks.com/softech/astro/history.htm

TODAY IN ASTRONOMY HISTORY document.write(msg[day]);

48. PSIgate - Physical Sciences Information Gateway Search/Browse Results A brief history of cosmology Mathematical Astronomy index History Topics Index History of astronomy history of Astronomy General Deutsche Fassung http://www.psigate.ac.uk/roads/cgi-bin/search_webcatalogue2.pl?limit=25&term1=hi

49. PSIgate - Physical Sciences Information Gateway Search/Browse Results Your search for history* +of* +astronomy gave 998 hits (New Search) History of astronomy history of Science General General history of science servers http://www.psigate.ac.uk/roads/cgi-bin/search_webcatalogue2.pl?limit=175&term1=h

50. Astronomy: History - Ancients 75.223 astronomy history Ancients (Chinese astronomers Hi and Ho executed for failing to predict eclipse in 300BC). http://www.physics.carleton.ca/~watson/LinR_course/history/earlyhistory.html

75.223 Astronomy: History - Ancients LinR: Babylon Why Babylon? Enuma Elish tablets : the first (written) Creation Myth From The First Tablet When in the height heaven was not named, And the earth beneath did not yet bear a name, And the primeval Apsu, who begat them, And chaos, Tiamut, the mother of them both Their waters were mingled together, And no field was formed, no marsh was to be seen; When of the gods none had been called into being, And none bore a name, and no destinies were ordained; Then were created the gods in the midst of heaven, Lahmu and Lahamu were called into being... Ages increased,... Then Ansar and Kisar were created, and over them.... Long were the days, then there came forth.... Anu, their son,... Ansar and Anu... And the god Anu... Nudimmud, whom his fathers, his begetters.... Abounding in all wisdom,... He was exceeding strong... He had no rival Babylonian Observations Most detailed ancient observations. Star Catalogs 1600 BC. Eclipse Observed 1500 BC. Continuous Records 900 BC.

51. History And Philosophy Of Western Astronomy The history chapter of an introductory astronomy course. http://www.astronomynotes.com/history/s1.htm

History and Philosophy of Western Astronomy Chapter index in this window Chapter index in separate window This material (including images) is . See my for fair use practices. Now that you have some feeling for the scales of time and space that astronomy This chapter covers the development of western astronomy and modern science. I focus on the rise of modern science in Europe, from the ancient Greeks to Isaac Newton. Other cultures were also quite interested and skilled in astronomy (the Mayans (link will display in another window), Egyptians, peoples of India and China come immediately to mind), but the Greeks were the first ones to try to explain how the universe worked in a logical, systematic manner using models and observations. Modern astronomy (and all of science) has its roots in the Greek tradition. If you would like a more thorough discussion of the history of astronomy than what I will present here, please take a look at Science and the Human Prospect by Ronald Pine (links will display in another window). I will give dates of when certain persons lived and worked to give you some reference points in the long history of astronomy. Don't worry about memorizing the dates. What is more important is to see the development of ideas and methods of modern science. I include images of world atlases from different time periods in this chapter and the next as another way to illustrate the advances in our understanding of our world and the universe. Links to the sites from which the photographs came are embedded in the images. Select the picture to go to the site. The vocabulary terms are in

52. Astronomy In Japan Sites of Interest in history of astronomy and Cultural astronomy Astronomiae Historia / history of astronomy. Maintained by Wolfgang Dick, http://www2.gol.com/users/stever/jastro.html

Welcome to the Astronomy in Japan Home Page Japanese Starlore and Astronomical History Astronomy Activities and Articles of Human Interest Astronomy Sites in Japan with Pages in English Sites of Interest in History of Astronomy and Cultural Astronomy ... ‰½ŒÌ‚±‚̃z[ƒ€ƒy[ƒW‚͉pŒê‚݂̂ŏ‘‚©‚ê‚Ä‚¢‚é‚Ì‚Å‚·‚©H (In Japanese) Last Updated September, 2005 Japanese Starlore and Astronomical History Return to Top Akemashite Omedetou Gozaimasu! The Sun, the Moon, and Happy New Year in Japan (Revised January 2005) Get Out Ogre! Come In Happiness! Setsubun in Japan; A Lunar "New Years' Eve" (Revised January 2005) Tani Jinzan and A Leonid Conflagration Earthly and Celestial Events "Meet" in Tokugawa Japan Orihime, Kengyuu, and Tanabata Japanese Traditions and Values Reflected in a Summer Festival Based on an Ancient Chinese Star Legend Images of Tanabata 2000 Yowatashi Boshi Passing the Winter Nights with Japanese Star Lore of Orion Takamatsu Zuka Kofun An Ancient View of the Sky from a Tomb in Asuka, Japan Controversy Continues (Supplement added April 3, 1997)

53. Astronomiae Historia / History Of Astronomy Information and several thousand links on all aspects of history of astronomy and related fields observatories, people, items, archives and libraries, http://www.astro.uni-bonn.de/~pbrosche/astoria.html

Astronomiae Historia History of Astronomy About this image Welcome / About What's new (February 12, 2004) History of astronomy ... Wolfgang R. Dick . Created: 16 Jan 1995. Latest change of this welcome page: 26 June 2002

54. History Of Astronomy: General history and Philosophy of Western astronomy from the ancient Greeks to Isaac Newton Links for astronomy, the history of astronomy, and archaeoastronomy. http://www.astro.uni-bonn.de/~pbrosche/hist_astr/ha_general.html

History of Astronomy History of Astronomy: General Deutsche Fassung General texts Astronomical Timeline (22 Apr 1998: disappeared) Astronomy , by Steven J. Dick (15 Oct 1998: disappeared) Astronomy From the Catholic Encyclopedia, 1913 Astronomy Notes (for introductory astronomy courses) by Nick Strobel History and Philosophy of Western Astronomy from the ancient Greeks to Isaac Newton Blind Faith in Astronomy and the Planetarium , by George Reed (15 Oct 1998: disappeared) Brief History of Astronomy , by Marek Dudka (Or see here or here Ancient Astronomy Medieval Astronomy Astronomy of Renaissance ... From the Big Bang to the End of the Universe: The Mysteries of Deep Space Timeline Includes some history of astronomy. Geschichte der Astronomie , von Martin Netopil (in German) Histoire de l'astronomie (in French) Historical Overview of Astronomy History of astronomy History of Astronomy , by Chris Lawton History of astronomy Physics Time-Line Including astronomy. The Scientific Revolution (27 Apr 1998: disappeared) Space Adventure (15 Oct 1998: disappeared) A popular introduction to astronomy and space exploration, including history (see

55. OLogy Learn a lot about astronomy, paleontology, and the definitions of other ologies on this site by taking journeys through space and the Gobi Desert. Includes games and activities and is presented by the American Museum of Natural history. http://www.ology.amnh.org/

56. People In The History Of Astronomy A little background information on the history of people in astronomy. Steven Hawking, Einstein, Pythagoras and Halley just to name a few. http://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/Launchpad/4515/HISTORY.html

People In The History Of Astronomy Background Pythagoras Ptolemy Copernicus ... Stephen Hawking Background          One of the most powerful creations of Greek science was the mathematical astronomy created by Hipparchus in the second century B.C. and given final form by Ptolemy in the second century A.D. Ptolemy's work was known in the Middle Ages through imperfect Latin versions. In fifteenth-century Italy, however, it was brought back to life. George Trebizond, a Cretan emigre in the curia, produced a new translation and commentary. These proved imperfect and aroused much heated criticism. But a German astronomer, Johannes Regiomontanus, a protege of the brilliant Greek churchman Cardinal Bessarion, came to Italy with his patron, learned Greek, and produced a full-scale "Epitome" of Ptolemy's work from which most astronomers learned their art for the next century and more. Copernicus was only one of the celebrities of the Scientific Revolution whose work rested in large part on the study of ancient science carried out in fifteenth-century Italy. (The Revival Of An Ancient Science) Pythagoras (582–c.507 B.C)

57. Caltech Astronomy : History: 1908-1949 The following timeline covers the early history of Palomar Observatory, Hale and his teams of astronomers, engineers, and opticians set to work. http://www.astro.caltech.edu/palomar/history/

Printable Version The following timeline covers the early history of Palomar Observatory, from its conception in the early 1900's, through the 200-inch's twenty-one years of construction until it began full-time observing in 1949. All images except the last one ( Caltech Archives . Click on any image to enlarge. 1908: Mt. Wilson 60-inch telescope Under the supervision of George Ellery Hale, and through grants from the Carnegie Institution of Washington, the Mount Wilson 60-inch telescope is completed and sees "first light." It is the world's largest telescope, and with the exceptionally calm and stable atmosphere above the Los Angeles basin, astronomers can see fainter and more distant objects than ever before. Harlow Shapley uses this telescope to measure the size of our galaxy (the Milky Way) and the solar system's position in it. 1917: Mt. Wilson 100-inch telescope While the 60-inch is constructed, Hale and the Carnegie Institution plan a yet larger design. Despite technical challenges in casting and shaping the glass mirror, and difficulties with funding, the 100-inch telescope is completed in 1917. It is a temperamental machine - the large mirror is highly sensitive to temperature variations which cause it to go out of focus easily. Despite such problems, it provides an unparalleled view of the faraway universe. Edwin Hubble uses this instrument to determine the distances and velocities of neighboring galaxies, demonstrating that they are separate "island universes" and not small nebulae contained within the Milky Way, as many astronomers had previously thought. He also discovers the first indications that the universe is expanding. Measurements of more distant galaxies, and fine details of the near ones, are still beyond the reach of the 100-inch.

58. MSN Encarta - Astronomy, History Of Editors picks for astronomy, history of Search for books and more related to astronomy, history of. Encarta Search. Search Encarta about astronomy, http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761572208/Astronomy_History_of.html

MSN Home My MSN Hotmail Shopping ... Sign In Web Search: Encarta Subscriber Sign In Help Home ... Upgrade your Encarta Experience Search Encarta Upgrade your Encarta Experience Spend less time searching and more time learning. Learn more Tasks Find in this article Print Preview Related Items Archaeoastronomy Astronomy more... Further Reading Editors' picks for Astronomy, History of Search for books and more related to Astronomy, History of Encarta Search Search Encarta about Astronomy, History of Editors' Picks Great books about your topic, Astronomy, History of ... Click here Advertisement document.write(' Astronomy, History of Encyclopedia Article Multimedia 31 items Article Outline Introduction Ancient Origins Babylonian Astronomy Greek Astronomy ... The Cosmos I Introduction Print Preview of Section Astronomy, History of , history of the science that deals with all the celestial bodies in the universe. Astronomy includes the study of planets and their satellites, comets and meteors, stars and interstellar matter, star systems known as galaxies, and clusters of galaxies. The field of astronomy has developed from simple observations about the movement of the Sun and Moon into sophisticated theories about the nature of the universe. See also Astronomy II Ancient Origins Print Preview of Section The curiosity of ancient peoples about day and night and the Sun, Moon, and stars led eventually to observations that the heavenly bodies appear to move in a regular manner. This movement proved to be useful in defining time, location, and directions on Earth. Astronomy grew out of problems originating with the first civilizations. Ancient peoples needed to establish the proper times for planting and harvesting crops and for religious celebrations. The movement of celestial bodies helped them keep track of time and helped them find bearings on long trading journeys or voyages.

59. Orbits Mathematical astronomy index history Topics Index The problem of the orbits of Jupiter and Saturn had troubled astronomers and mathematicians from http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/HistTopics/Orbits.html

Orbits and gravitation Mathematical Astronomy index History Topics Index Version for printing Although orbits were discussed by the Greeks they were attempting to derive orbits for the planets round the Earth so are of little interest to us in this article although the method of epicycles is an early application of Fourier series. The first to propose a system of planetary orbits which would set the scene for major advances was Copernicus who in De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (1543), argued that the planets and the Earth were in orbit round the Sun. Although a major breakthrough, Copernicus proposed circular orbits for the planets and accurate astronomical observations soon began to show that his proposal was not strictly accurate. You can see a diagram from De revolutionibus orbium coelestium showing Copernicus's solar system In 1600 Kepler became assistant to Tycho Brahe who was making accurate observations of the planets. After Brahe died in 1601 Kepler continued the work, calculating planetary orbits to unprecedented accuracy. Kepler showed that a planet moves round the Sun in an elliptical orbit which has the Sun in one of its two foci. He also showed that a line joining the planet to the Sun sweeps out equal areas in equal times as the planet describes its orbit. Both these laws were first formulated for the planet Mars, and published in

60. Herschel Indeed John Herschel began to undertake work in astronomy from this time although he also The history of measurement. Other references in MacTutor http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Herschel.html

John Frederick William Herschel Born: 7 March 1792 in Slough, Buckinghamshire, England Died: 11 May 1871 in Hawkhurst, Kent, England Click the picture above to see seven larger pictures Show birthplace location Previous (Chronologically) Next Biographies Index Previous (Alphabetically) Next Main index Version for printing John Herschel was the son of William Herschel, the astronomer who discovered Uranus. His mother Mary Pitt was the daughter of a wealthy merchant. She was 38 years old when she married William Herschel, her first husband and her only child having both died. When John Herschel was born in 1792 William was 55 years old and Mary was 42. In addition to his parents, his aunt Caroline Herschel was another important figure in John Herschel's upbringing. William Herschel was not only a leading astronomer but he also had a great talent for music. Both he and his sister Caroline Herschel were extremely musical, and they had both used their musical talents to help augment their income after first arriving in England. John was brought up in Observatory House, with its 40 foot telescope, where music, science and religion were dominant. Caroline Herschel had left her brother's home when he married, but she continued to come to Observatory House every day to help William reduce his data and she proved an outstanding teacher to John, carrying out experiments in physics and chemistry with the young boy.

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